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The impact of combined exposure to triphenyltin and microplastics on the oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and digestive function of common carp (Cyprinus carpio)
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Exposing common carp to triphenyltin and microplastics individually and in combination found that combined exposure caused greater oxidative stress, disrupted energy metabolism more severely, and more strongly impaired digestive enzyme activity than either pollutant alone.
With the increasing presence of emerging pollutants in the environment, the combined toxic effects of organotin compounds and microplastics on aquatic organisms have garnered significant attention. This study investigated the individual and combined toxic effects of triphenyltin (TPT, 1 μg/L) and microplastics (MP, 0.5 mg/L) on oxidative stress, energy metabolism, and digestive function in Cyprinus carpio over a 42-day exposure period. The results demonstrated that TPT and MP combined exposure significantly reduced glutathione (GSH) activity, enhanced the activity of inflammatory factors (IL-1β) and upregulated the expression of antioxidant and inflammatory genes ( gpx and il-1β ) comparing with the control group in the liver, indicating severe oxidative stress. Combined exposure exhibited complex interactive effects, potentially involving adaptive or antagonistic mechanisms. Regarding energy metabolism, TPT and MP inhibited Na + /K + -ATPase activity, disrupting ion balance in the gills, whereas combined exposure promoted the expression of genes related to fatty acid metabolism ( cpt1 and lpl ). The combined exposure led to a partial restoration of ion pump activity, which implies the existence of a compensatory mechanism. TPT and MP exerted an inhibitory effect on the activity of digestive enzymes in the intestines, while they triggered a compensatory reaction by upregulating the expression of digestive enzyme genes. The combined exposure vividly unveiled the complex and intertwined interactions between the inhibitory and adaptive responses, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the biological impacts under such combined stressors. This study provides essential insights into the combined toxicity of TPT and MP, highlighting their ecological risks and underscoring the need for improved environmental monitoring and management strategies.
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Combined effect of microplastic and triphenyltin: Insights from the gut-brain axis
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Researchers investigated the individual and combined toxicity of microplastics and triphenyltin, an organotin compound, in common carp by examining effects along the gut-brain axis. The study found that co-exposure to microplastics and triphenyltin produced combined toxic effects on the gut microbiome and brain function, suggesting that microplastics may enhance the toxicity of other environmental pollutants through their ability to adsorb contaminants.
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Researchers found that combined exposure to polystyrene microplastics and cadmium in juvenile grass carp caused greater physiological stress than either pollutant alone, with microplastics enhancing cadmium accumulation and intensifying oxidative stress and immune responses.
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Researchers exposed juvenile Asian sea bass to polyethylene microplastics and the carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene, both individually and in combination, over 56 days. They found that co-exposure caused more severe effects on growth and gene expression related to immune function and stress response than either contaminant alone. The study highlights that microplastics may worsen the toxic effects of chemical pollutants already present in marine environments.
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Researchers exposed the euryhaline fish Poecilia sphenops to polyethylene microplastics and cadmium individually and in combination, finding synergistic reductions in growth, hemoglobin, red and white blood cell counts, and antioxidant enzyme activities, alongside impaired digestive enzyme function — suggesting co-exposure is more damaging than either contaminant alone.
Combined Toxicity of Polystyrene Microplastics and Triphenyl Phosphate on Common Carp Gills: Mechanistic Insights from Physiology and Transcriptomics
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Researchers exposed common carp to polystyrene microplastics and a flame retardant chemical (TPHP), alone and combined, measuring effects on gill tissue. Combined exposure caused more severe gill damage, including disrupted metabolism, barrier breakdown and cell death, than either substance alone, even though the microplastics reduced the chemical's buildup in gills.
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