Fungal Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach For Tackling Plastic Waste And Environmental Pollution

Environmental pollution, particularly from plastic waste, has become a significant global challenge. The widespread use of synthetic polymers such as polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polystyrene (PS) has led to their accumulation in ecosystems, posing severe ecological and health risks. Conventional plastic degradation methods, including recycling and incineration, have proven ineffective, prompting the exploration of sustainable bioremediation strategies. Fungal bioremediation, leveraging the enzymatic capabilities of fungi, has emerged as a promising solution. Fungi, particularly white-rot and filamentous species, can degrade plastics through the secretion of extracellular enzymes like laccases, peroxidases, and hydrolases, which break down synthetic polymers into smaller, less harmful molecules. Notable fungal genera such as Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Phanerochaete chrysosporium have demonstrated significant plastic-degrading potential. Additionally, fungi play a crucial role in the remediation of other environmental pollutants such as heavy metals and hydrocarbons through biosorption and bioaccumulation. Recent advancements in fungal biotechnology, including genetic engineering and nanotechnology, have further enhanced the efficiency of fungal bioremediation. However, challenges such as slow degradation rates, environmental conditions, and scalability remain. This review provides an in-depth analysis of fungal bioremediation, focusing on the mechanisms involved in plastic degradation, the potential of various fungal species, and the future prospects for large-scale applications in waste management and environmental restoration. It highlights the need for further research to optimize fungal-based bioremediation strategies, ensuring their feasibility and sustainability in addressing the global plastic pollution crisis.