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Exploring BPA alternatives – Environmental levels and toxicity review
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BPA alternatives entering the environment with limited toxicological data; systematic monitoring and mixture-effect studies urgently needed.
Bisphenol A alternatives are manufactured as potentially less harmful substitutes of bisphenol A (BPA) that offer similar functionality. These alternatives are already in the market, entering the environment and thus raising ecological concerns. However, it can be expected that levels of BPA alternatives will dominate in the future, they are limited information on their environmental safety. The EU PARC project highlights BPA alternatives as priority chemicals and consolidates information on BPA alternatives, with a focus on environmental relevance and on the identification of the research gaps. The review highlighted aspects and future perspectives. In brief, an extension of environmental monitoring is crucial, extending it to cover BPA alternatives to track their levels and facilitate the timely implementation of mitigation measures. The biological activity has been studied for BPA alternatives, but in a non-systematic way and prioritized a limited number of chemicals. For several BPA alternatives, the data has already provided substantial evidence regarding their potential harm to the environment. We stress the importance of conducting more comprehensive assessments that go beyond the traditional reproductive studies and focus on overlooked relevant endpoints. Future research should also consider mixture effects, realistic environmental concentrations, and the long-term consequences on biota and ecosystems.
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Bisphenol Analogs in Aquatic Environments and Their Effects on Marine Species—A Review
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This review summarized concentrations of bisphenol A analogs found across aquatic environments globally and assessed their toxic effects on marine species, finding that many BPA substitutes show similar endocrine-disrupting, oxidative, and genotoxic activity to the compound they replaced. The findings raise concerns that current BPA alternatives may not represent a meaningful safety improvement for aquatic ecosystems.
Bisphenols—A Threat to the Natural Environment
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This review examines the environmental and health threats posed by bisphenol A (BPA) and its replacements, bisphenol F and bisphenol S, which were introduced as safer alternatives. However, because these substitutes have similar chemical structures to BPA, they may pose comparable risks to human health and the environment, including hormone disruption. The study is relevant to microplastics research because bisphenols are common additives in plastics that can leach out as plastics break down into microparticles.
Insights into the Adverse Effects of Bisphenol A on the Environment and Human Health
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Researchers investigated the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA), its replacement bisphenol F (BPF), and their combination on primary producers, finding that both compounds harm eukaryotic green algae and raising concerns about the safety of BPA substitutes.
Bisphenol A and its analogues: from their occurrence in foodstuffs marketed in Europe to improved monitoring strategies—a review of published literature from 2018 to 2023
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This review tracks the levels of bisphenol A (BPA) and similar hormone-disrupting chemicals in food and beverages across Europe from 2018 to 2024. While BPA remains the most commonly detected compound, its substitutes (like BPS and BPF) are increasingly found in food packaging and canned goods. These chemicals mimic estrogen in the body and have been linked to reproductive, metabolic, and developmental health concerns.
Ecotoxicological effects and bioaccumulation of BPA analogues and their mixture in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum
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Researchers exposed clams to three common bisphenol A substitutes (BPAF, BPF, and BPS) at environmentally relevant concentrations to evaluate whether these replacement chemicals are truly safer. The study found that all three BPA analogues caused oxidative stress, cellular damage, and neurotoxic effects in clam tissues, suggesting that these widely used substitutes may pose similar ecological risks as the compound they were designed to replace.
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