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Динамика аккумуляции микропластика в пресноводных экосистемах России: пространственно-временные закономерности и экологические последствия
Summary
This Russian-language study monitored microplastic distribution across 26 freshwater bodies of different types in five geographic regions of Russia, analyzing spatial-temporal patterns and ecological effects of particle accumulation in water, sediment, and biota.
Микропластиковое загрязнение представляет серьезную экологическую угрозу для пресноводных экосистем во всем мире. Несмотря на возрастающее внимание к данной проблеме, пространственно-временные закономерности распространения микропластика в пресноводных экосистемах России, а также механизмы его воздействия на биоту остаются недостаточно изученными. В настоящем исследовании проведена комплексная оценка распределения, аккумуляции и экологических эффектов микропластиковых частиц в различных компонентах пресноводных экосистем России. Мониторинг 26 водоемов различного типа в пяти географических регионах России (2020-2023 гг.) выявил повсеместное присутствие микропластика с концентрациями от 0,15 до 11,73 частиц/л в поверхностных водах и от 17,8 до 432,6 частиц/кг в донных отложениях. Установлена положительная корреляция между уровнем антропогенной нагрузки и концентрацией микропластика (r = 0,78, p < 0,01). Идентифицированы основные типы полимеров (полиэтилен, полипропилен, полистирол) и их потенциальные источники. Экспериментальная оценка воздействия микропластика на представителей различных трофических уровней показала дозозависимые эффекты, включая снижение выживаемости, репродуктивные нарушения и изменения поведенческих реакций. Выявлена биоаккумуляция микропластика в тканях гидробионтов с коэффициентами накопления от 3,2 до 27,8. Моделирование переноса микропластика по трофическим цепям продемонстрировало возможность его биомагнификации на высших трофических уровнях с коэффициентами от 1,3 до 2,1. Разработана прогностическая модель распространения микропластика в пресноводных экосистемах, учитывающая гидрологические, климатические и антропогенные факторы. Полученные результаты имеют важное значение для оценки экологических рисков микропластикового загрязнения и разработки эффективных стратегий мониторинга и управления водными ресурсами в условиях возрастающей антропогенной нагрузки. Microplastic pollution poses a serious environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Despite the increasing attention to this problem, the spatial and temporal patterns of the spread of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems of Russia, as well as the mechanisms of its impact on biota, remain insufficiently studied. This study provides a comprehensive assessment of the distribution, accumulation, and environmental effects of microplastic particles in various components of freshwater ecosystems in Russia. Monitoring of 26 reservoirs of various types in five geographical regions of Russia (2020-2023) revealed the widespread presence of microplastics with concentrations from 0.15 to 11.73 particles/l in surface waters and from 17.8 to 432.6 particles/kg in bottom sediments. A positive correlation has been established between the level of anthropogenic load and the concentration of microplastics (r = 0.78, p < 0.01). The main types of polymers (polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene) and their potential sources have been identified. An experimental assessment of the effects of microplastics on representatives of various trophic levels has shown dose-dependent effects, including reduced survival, reproductive disorders, and behavioral changes. Bioaccumulation of microplastics in the tissues of aquatic organisms with accumulation coefficients from 3.2 to 27.8 was revealed. Modeling of microplastic transport along trophic chains demonstrated the possibility of its biomagnification at higher trophic levels with coefficients from 1.3 to 2.1. A predictive model of the spread of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems has been developed, taking into account hydrological, climatic and anthropogenic factors. The results obtained are important for assessing the environmental risks of microplastic pollution and developing effective strategies for monitoring and managing water resources under increasing anthropogenic pressure.
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