Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and their contributions to surface water and farmland pollution in China

Researchers examined microplastic abundance in sewage and sludge at Shenzhen wastewater treatment plants, estimating that annual microplastic loading from WWTPs to surface water and farmland soil across China is substantial. WWTPs concentrate microplastics in sludge, which then becomes a major pathway for plastic contamination of agricultural land when applied as fertilizer.

2023 Chemosphere 17 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigation of microplastics in sludge from five wastewater treatment plants in Nanjing, China

Microplastics were characterized in sludge from five wastewater treatment plants in Nanjing, China, with concentrations ranging widely across facilities and fibers as the dominant shape, highlighting sludge as a major reservoir and potential environmental release point for microplastic pollution.

2021 Journal of Environmental Management 67 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence, characteristics, and microbial community of microplastics in anaerobic sludge of wastewater treatment plants

Researchers studied microplastic contamination in anaerobic sludge from wastewater treatment plants in three different Chinese cities. They found microplastics in all samples at concentrations of 16.5 to 38.5 particles per gram, predominantly as fibers and polyethylene fragments, with distinct microbial communities colonizing the plastic surfaces. The study highlights that wastewater treatment plants act as point sources distributing microplastics into the environment through their sludge output.

2024 Environmental Pollution 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution of microplastics in the sludge of wastewater treatment plants in chengdu, China

Microplastics were found in sludge from all processing units at wastewater treatment plants in Chengdu, China, with the highest concentrations in thickened and dewatered sludge, indicating that sludge handling and land application represent a major pathway for microplastics to re-enter terrestrial environments.

2021 Chemosphere 72 citations
Article Tier 2

Stabilized Sewage Sludge as Fertilizer: Risks Related to the Presence of Microplastics

Researchers analyzed microplastic content in sewage sludge-derived fertilizer collected in June and July, finding an average of ~460 mg of microplastics per 100 g of fertilizer with fragments and fibers predominating — raising concerns about agricultural land contamination from sewage sludge application.

2025 Applied Sciences 2 citations
Article Tier 2

A method for the characterisation of microplastics in sludge

Researchers developed a method for detecting and characterizing microplastics in sewage sludge, which concentrates the majority of microplastics removed during wastewater treatment. This method is important because sludge is widely spread on agricultural land, making it a key pathway for microplastics entering soils.

2019 MethodsX 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The Pollution Characteristics and Fate of Microplastics in Typical Wastewater Treatment Systems in Northern China

Researchers analyzed microplastic contamination at two wastewater treatment plants in Zhengzhou, China, finding overall removal efficiencies of about 93 and 96 percent respectively. Fibers and fragments were the most common microplastic shapes detected, with much of the removed material ending up concentrated in sewage sludge. The study raises concerns that while treatment processes are effective at reducing waterborne microplastics, the contaminated sludge may redistribute the pollution when applied to agricultural land.

2024 Separations 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in household fecal sewage treatment facilities of rural China

Researchers analyzed 65 fecal sewage samples from rural households across 27 Chinese provinces to characterize microplastic contamination in household treatment facilities. The study found microplastic abundances ranging from 47 to 143 particles per liter, with higher levels in northern China, and identified fecal sewage irrigation as a potential source of microplastic contamination in farmland soils.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics removal from a primary settler tank in a wastewater treatment plant and estimations of contamination onto European agricultural land via sewage sludge recycling

Researchers found that primary settling in wastewater treatment removes significant microplastics from sewage, but these particles concentrate in sludge that is often recycled onto agricultural land, creating a pathway back into the environment.

2022 Environmental Pollution 99 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A Known but Underrated Pathway in Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review finds that wastewater treatment plants effectively transfer microplastics from effluent into sewage sludge, creating a significant but underrated pathway for MP contamination when sludge is applied to agricultural soils.

2021 Sustainability 46 citations
Review Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A review

This review examines the presence and fate of microplastics in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, a topic that has received less attention than microplastics in the water treatment line. The study highlights that agricultural application of sewage sludge is a primary source of microplastic contamination in soils, and provides a comprehensive overview of detection methods, concentrations, and the environmental implications of sludge-borne microplastics.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 64 citations
Article Tier 2

Abundance and characteristics of microplastic in sewage sludge: A case study of Yangling, Shaanxi province, China

Researchers analyzed microplastics in sewage sludge from a wastewater treatment plant in Shaanxi, China, finding that 97% of particles were smaller than 400 micrometers, with PVC (polyvinyl chloride) making up the largest share — a particularly concerning finding given PVC's higher toxicity risk index. The study underscores how sewage sludge acts as a major accumulation point for microplastics, concentrating pollution that can then spread when sludge is applied to farmland.

2020 Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 82 citations
Article Tier 2

Tracing the fate of microplastic in wastewater treatment plant: A multi-stage analysis of treatment units and sludge

Researchers tracked microplastics through every stage of a wastewater treatment plant and found that while treatment removes many particles from the water, most end up concentrated in the leftover sludge. Fibers and fragments were the most common shapes, made primarily of polyester and polyethylene. Since treated sludge is often spread on farmland, this creates a pathway for microplastics to enter soil and potentially the food chain.

2023 Environmental Pollution 60 citations
Article Tier 2

Identification and quantification of microplastics in wastewater treatment plant effluent: Investigation of the fate and biological effects

This study identified and quantified microplastics in wastewater treatment plant effluents and sludge, finding particles in all samples with fibers being the dominant type. The research contributes to understanding how much microplastic reaches surface waters via wastewater discharge and how much is captured in sludge that is subsequently applied to agricultural land.

2018 Griffith Research Online (Griffith University, Queensland, Australia) 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Sewage sludge application as a vehicle for microplastics in eastern Spanish agricultural soils

Scientists measured microplastics in sewage sludge from Spanish wastewater treatment plants and in agricultural soils receiving sludge applications, finding that sludge application transferred hundreds to thousands of microplastic particles per kilogram into agricultural soil.

2020 Environmental Pollution 608 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigation of the microplastics profile in sludge from China’s largest Water reclamation plant using a feasible isolation device

This study developed a practical isolation device for extracting microplastics from sewage sludge using a fritted glass funnel and filtration apparatus, and applied it to sludge from Chinese wastewater treatment plants. The results revealed diverse microplastic types in sludge, with implications for land application of sludge as fertilizer.

2020 Journal of Hazardous Materials 131 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in sewage sludge: Distribution, toxicity, identification methods, and engineered technologies

This review examines how microplastics accumulate in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants, which then becomes a major pathway for spreading these particles into the environment. Researchers found that sludge can contain extremely high concentrations of microplastics, ranging from thousands to hundreds of thousands of particles per kilogram. The study evaluates current detection methods and emerging technologies for removing microplastics from sludge before it is applied to agricultural land or disposed of.

2022 Chemosphere 106 citations
Article Tier 2

Mapping microplastics in sludge

Researchers mapped microplastic contamination in sewage sludge from eight Norwegian wastewater treatment plants, finding plastics in all ten samples with an overall average of 6,077 particles per kilogram dry weight. Based on current sludge application rates in Norway, researchers estimated that over 500 billion microplastic particles enter the environment annually through agricultural and land application of sewage sludge.

2018 Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo) 80 citations
Article Tier 2

Hidden contaminants: Unveiling the content of microplastics in municipal sewage sludge that may affect soil ecosystems

Researchers analyzed sewage sludge from two municipal treatment plants and found up to 116,000 microplastic particles per kilogram of dry sludge, with fiber-shaped and film-shaped particles dominating each plant respectively — highlighting the risk of spreading microplastic contamination to farmland when sludge is used as fertilizer.

2025 Desalination and Water Treatment 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination in sewage sludge: Abundance, characteristics, and impacts on the environment and human health

This review focuses on microplastics found in sewage sludge, which is often spread on agricultural land as fertilizer. The practice introduces microplastics directly into farm soil, where they can be taken up by crops or leach into groundwater. This creates a pathway for microplastics to reach human food and drinking water, raising concerns about the safety of using sewage sludge in agriculture.

2023 Environmental Technology & Innovation 98 citations
Article Tier 2

Investigation and analysis of microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids: A case study from one wastewater treatment works in the UK

Researchers investigated microplastic contamination in sewage sludge and biosolids at a UK wastewater treatment plant and found significant quantities of microplastics persisting through the treatment process. Since millions of tonnes of biosolids are applied to farmland annually in the UK, this represents a major pathway for microplastic pollution entering agricultural soils. The study highlights the need for better monitoring and treatment methods to reduce microplastic transfer from wastewater to the terrestrial environment.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 175 citations
Article Tier 2

Assessing emerging and priority micropollutants in sewage sludge: environmental insights and analytical approaches

Researchers reviewed the presence of emerging pollutants, including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals, in sewage sludge that is commonly applied to agricultural land. They found that current analytical methods are improving but still face challenges in detecting these contaminants at low concentrations in complex sludge samples. The study highlights the environmental risks of spreading pollutant-laden sludge on farmland and calls for better monitoring standards.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Agricultural application of microplastic-rich sewage sludge leads to further uncontrolled contamination

Researchers found that 44% of microplastics from sewage sludge applied to agricultural land migrated to nearby untreated areas, demonstrating that this common fertilizer practice leads to further uncontrolled contamination of surrounding soils.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 103 citations
Article Tier 2

Establishment and application of standard analysis methods for microplastic samples: Urban sewage and sewage sludge as a source of microplastics in the environment

Researchers developed a standardized method for measuring microplastics in wastewater treatment plants and found that treated wastewater still releases an estimated 14.2 billion microplastic particles per day into the environment. While treatment plants remove most microplastics from the water, many end up concentrated in sewage sludge, which is often spread on farmland. The findings highlight that wastewater treatment is a major pathway for microplastics to reach rivers and agricultural soil.

2025 Environmental Research 6 citations