Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Can the insects Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor be the future of plastic biodegradation?

This review examines recent discoveries about how wax moth and mealworm larvae can break down common plastics using enzymes in their saliva and gut microorganisms. Researchers found that these insects offer a promising biological alternative to traditional plastic disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, which themselves contribute to microplastic pollution. The study highlights key challenges including the need for standardized testing methods and proposes innovative ideas like using insects as living bioreactors for plastic waste processing.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Using Insect Larvae and Their Microbiota for Plastic Degradation

This review summarizes research on insect larvae, including wax worms and mealworms, that can eat and break down plastic using bacteria and enzymes in their guts. Recent discoveries include novel plastic-degrading enzymes found in wax worm saliva that can begin breaking down polyethylene within hours. While still far from a large-scale solution, this biological approach to plastic degradation could eventually help reduce the microplastic pollution that threatens ecosystems and human health.

2025 Insects 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic Biodegradation through Insects and their Symbionts Microbes: A Review

This review examines how insects and their gut microbes can break down plastic waste, covering species like mealworms and waxworms that can digest polyethylene and polystyrene. The bacteria living in insect guts are responsible for much of this plastic-degrading activity. Insect-based biodegradation could offer a scalable biological solution to reducing plastic pollution.

2021 Journal of Bioresource Management 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The use of insects, some land and marine invertebrates, in the biodegradation of plastic

This review examines the potential of insects and invertebrates—including mealworms, wax moths, and shipworms—to biodegrade plastics, microplastics, and nanoplastics, summarizing the gut microbiomes and enzymes involved and the prospects for practical bioremediation.

2025 The European Zoological Journal
Article Tier 2

Optimizing polystyrene degradation, microbial community and metabolite analysis of intestinal flora of yellow mealworms, Tenebrio molitor.

Yellow mealworm larvae fed only expanded polystyrene were found to biodegrade the plastic, with the efficiency depending on temperature and humidity conditions. The gut microbiome of the larvae played a key role, and researchers identified metabolic pathways involved in polystyrene breakdown, advancing understanding of insect-based plastic biodegradation.

2024 Bioresource technology
Article Tier 2

Unveiling Fragmentation of Plastic Particles during Biodegradation of Polystyrene and Polyethylene Foams in Mealworms: Highly Sensitive Detection and Digestive Modeling Prediction

Researchers discovered that mealworms biodegrading polystyrene and polyethylene foams generate micro- and nanoplastic fragments during the digestion process, despite removing over 70% of the ingested plastic. The study developed a digestive biofragmentation model to predict plastic fragmentation patterns, suggesting that insect-based plastic biodegradation may create secondary contamination that warrants further assessment.

2023 Environmental Science & Technology 37 citations
Article Tier 2

Mitigation of Soil Pollution by Biodegradation of Plastic Materials through Activity of Mealworms

This review examines how mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) can biodegrade plastics including polystyrene and polyethylene, and discusses their use in circular production systems. Insect-based plastic biodegradation represents a promising biological approach to reducing plastic waste before it fragments into microplastics in the environment.

2023 Asian Journal of Research in Crop Science
Article Tier 2

Technological application potential of polyethylene and polystyrene biodegradation by macro-organisms such as mealworms and wax moth larvae

Researchers tested polyethylene biodegradation by mealworms and wax moth larvae across multiple experimental setups, finding that while live larvae altered LDPE surface morphology, homogenized larval paste produced no detectable mass loss or ethylene glycol, suggesting a mechanism beyond gut microbiome action alone. Techno-economic and life cycle assessment analysis indicated that scaling this process as a plastic waste management technology is currently not feasible.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 90 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Post-Consumer Expanded Polystyrene and Low-Density Polyethylene by Tenebrio molitor Larvae

Scientists found that mealworms (beetle larvae) can actually break down used plastic bags and foam containers by eating them and changing their chemical structure. The mealworms produce waste that contains smaller plastic pieces and chemical compounds, which could potentially reduce plastic pollution in the environment. This research is important because it shows a natural way to help deal with the massive amounts of plastic waste that currently pile up in landfills and oceans.

2026 Microplastics
Article Tier 2

Isolation of Plastic Digesting Microbes from the Gastrointestinal Tract of Tenebrio Molitor

Researchers isolated bacteria from the gut of Tenebrio molitor mealworm larvae that are capable of degrading polystyrene and polyethylene microplastics. The identified gut microbes showed plastic-degrading enzymatic activity, suggesting potential for bioremediation applications.

2024 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Polystyrene by Plastic-Eating Tenebrionidae Larvae

Researchers tested the ability of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and superworm (Zophobas morio) larvae to biodegrade polystyrene foam through feeding experiments with different dietary conditions. They found that both species could consume and break down polystyrene, with gut microorganisms playing a key role in the degradation process. The study suggests that insect-based biodegradation could offer a biological approach to addressing polystyrene waste in the environment.

2024 Polymers 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Gut Microbiome and Degradation Product Formation during Biodegradation of Expanded Polystyrene by Mealworm Larvae under Different Feeding Strategies

Researchers found that mealworm larvae successfully degrade polystyrene under different feeding strategies, with gut microbiome composition and degradation byproduct profiles varying by diet, demonstrating that diet manipulation can optimize the biological plastic-degradation capacity of the mealworm system.

2021 Molecules 34 citations
Article Tier 2

Pengurai Sampah Plastik Ramah Lingkungan

This review examined the mechanisms by which bacteria, fungi, and insect larvae break down plastic waste, covering different enzymatic strategies used by each type of organism. Biological plastic degradation offers a low-cost, environmentally friendly approach to addressing plastic pollution.

2023 Bincang Sains dan Teknologi 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of aged polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) microplastics by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor larvae)

Yellow mealworm larvae were able to consume and biodegrade both fresh and aged polyethylene film and polystyrene foam over a 35-day period. While aged plastics slightly slowed larval growth, the worms still broke down the plastic with help from their gut bacteria, confirmed by chemical analysis showing structural changes in the consumed plastic. This biological approach to plastic degradation could help reduce the amount of plastic waste that eventually breaks down into microplastics in the environment.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Entomoremediation: An ecofriendly approach for waste management: A review

This review examines how insects and larvae can consume organic waste and potentially degrade plastic materials as a sustainable waste management approach called entomoremediation. Some insect larvae have shown ability to ingest and partially break down plastics, offering a low-cost biological waste processing option.

2020 Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Environmental Biotechnology: Biodegradation of Microplastics with Larvae of Tenebrio Molitor and Galleria Mellonella

Researchers tested the ability of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae to biodegrade microplastics collected from a Peruvian beach, finding that both species could partially degrade plastic samples, supporting insect larvae as a promising biotechnology for microplastic remediation.

2022 SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Insect farming: A bioeconomy-based opportunity to revalorize plastic wastes

Researchers propose a two-step system for managing plastic waste using insects. First, mealworm larvae partially break down plastics like polystyrene and polyethylene, and their microplastic-containing waste is then converted into biochar through high-heat treatment. The biochar is then used to enrich compost processed by black soldier fly larvae, creating a nutrient-rich soil amendment while addressing both plastic waste and organic waste in a circular approach.

2024 Environmental Science and Ecotechnology 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Feeding and metabolism effects of three common microplastics on Tenebrio molitor L.

Mealworm larvae from three Chinese regions were fed microplastics (polystyrene, PVC, and LDPE) and were found to actually break down some of the plastic in their gut. The ability of mealworms to partially degrade certain plastics makes them a potential tool for biological plastic waste management.

2018 Environmental Geochemistry and Health 67 citations
Article Tier 2

Complete digestion/biodegradation of polystyrene microplastics by greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae: Direct in vivo evidence, gut microbiota independence, and potential metabolic pathways

Researchers provided direct in vivo evidence that greater wax moth larvae can completely digest polystyrene microplastics, demonstrating that biodegradation occurs independently of gut microbiota and identifying potential metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown process.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 113 citations
Article Tier 2

Polyurethane Foam Residue Biodegradation through Tenebrio molitor Digestive Tract. Microbial Communities and Enzymatic Activity Involvement

Researchers found that mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor) can biodegrade polyurethane foam by 35% within 17 days through gut microbial communities and digestive enzymes, offering a promising biological pathway for breaking down a plastic type that is otherwise extremely difficult to recycle.

2022 Preprints.org 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella

Researchers discovered that the saliva of wax worm larvae (Galleria mellonella) can oxidize and begin breaking down polyethylene plastic within hours at room temperature, identifying two specific enzymes responsible — the first animal-derived enzymes known to initiate plastic degradation, offering a promising biological tool for tackling plastic waste.

2022 Nature Communications 191 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Polystyrene by Galleria mellonella: Identification of Potential Enzymes Involved in the Degradative Pathway

This study confirmed that larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella can biodegrade polystyrene, one of the most resistant plastics, and identified candidate enzymes involved in the degradation process. Researchers used proteomics to pinpoint enzymes in the larval gut, providing insights that could inform future biotechnological approaches to plastic waste management.

2024 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Tenebrio molitor in the circular economy: a novel approach for plastic valorisation and PHA biological recovery

Mealworm beetles (Tenebrio molitor) can biodegrade certain plastics, and their gut bacteria produce polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), a biodegradable bioplastic. This study explores using mealworms as a circular-economy tool to convert plastic waste into biodegradable materials.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The Ability of Insects to Degrade Complex Synthetic Polymers

This review synthesizes research on insect-mediated biodegradation of synthetic polymers, examining species from Coleopteran and Lepidopteran orders — including mealworms, wax moths, and flour beetles — whose gut microbial symbionts enable breakdown of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, and PVC into lower molecular weight, less toxic excreta.

2023 IntechOpen eBooks 5 citations