Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

The impact and effectiveness of the general public wearing masks to reduce the spread of pandemics in the UK: a multidisciplinary comparison of single-use masks versus reusable face masks.

This study compared the filtration effectiveness and environmental impact of single-use versus reusable face masks during COVID-19, finding that reusable masks can be comparable in protection while significantly reducing plastic waste. Billions of disposable masks ended up in the environment during the pandemic, releasing microplastic fibers and fragments as they degraded.

2020 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of medical face mask wear on bacterial filtration efficiency and breathability

Researchers investigated whether medical face masks could be safely worn beyond the manufacturer-recommended 4-hour limit, finding that extended wear under various simulated conditions affected bacterial filtration efficiency and breathability, with implications for reducing mask-related plastic waste.

2022 Environmental Technology & Innovation 20 citations
Article Tier 2

The impact and effectiveness of the general public wearing masks to reduce the spread of pandemics in the UK: a multidisciplinary comparison of single-use masks versus reusable face masks.

Reusable fabric face masks and single-use surgical masks were compared for filtration efficiency and particle shedding, with single-use masks providing better protection against airborne pathogens but generating more plastic waste, while reusable cotton masks reduced waste but required proper washing protocols to maintain effectiveness.

2021 10 citations
Article Tier 2

A Novel Face Masks and it’s Utility during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Comprehensive Review

This review examines the technical specifications, materials, and engineering advances of face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic, including both commercial and homemade options. Researchers discuss the environmental impact of disposable masks, noting that their widespread use has contributed to microplastic pollution as mask materials degrade. The study highlights the need for mask designs that balance effective viral protection with reduced environmental contamination.

2024 Journal of Quality in Health Care & Economics 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The impact and effectiveness of the general public wearing masks to reduce the spread of pandemics in the UK: a multidisciplinary comparison of single-use masks versus reusable face masks

Researchers compared single-use and reusable face masks across effectiveness, environmental impact, and cost during the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. The study found that while single-use masks have higher standalone filtration performance, reusable masks adequately slow respiratory virus transmission and generate over 85% less waste, 3.5 times lower climate impact, and 3.7 times lower costs than single-use alternatives.

2021 UCL Open Environment 54 citations
Article Tier 2

Eco-design Actions to Improve Life Cycle Environmental Performance of Face Masks in the Pandemic Era

This study evaluated the environmental impact of single-use face masks throughout their life cycle and proposed eco-design strategies to reduce their footprint. The massive increase in disposable mask use during COVID-19 generated significant plastic waste and potential microplastic pollution.

2021 Proceedings of the Design Society 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Memories of COVID-19: The Types of Fitted Face Masks Between Public Health Advice and Personal Choice

This study documented the types and evolution of fitted face masks used during the COVID-19 pandemic, examining how public health advice and personal choice shaped mask-wearing behavior and the environmental legacy of mask waste.

2023 Preprints.org 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Reusability of face masks: Influence of washing and comparison of performance between medical face masks and community face masks

Researchers tested the impact of 20 wash cycles at 60 degrees Celsius on the particle filtration efficiency and breathability of both medical face masks and reusable community face masks, measuring performance across particle sizes from 0.1 to 6.5 micrometers. They found that washing affected filtration efficiency differently between mask types, informing guidance on the safe reuse of masks and their relative environmental footprints.

2022 Environmental Technology & Innovation 16 citations
Article Tier 2

Implementation of jute-based nose holder in surgical masks to reduce plastic contamination

Researchers developed a surgical mask with a jute-based nose holder as an alternative to conventional plastic nose holders, finding it comfortable for 82.6% of 900 surveyed users and projecting it could help reduce the approximately 773 tons of plastic waste generated daily from mask nose holders.

2023 Heliyon 3 citations
Article Tier 2

The Life of a Face Mask: from Production to Use to Disposal

This review covers the full life cycle of face masks—from production through use to disposal—and their protective efficacy and environmental impact. The widespread use of single-use plastic masks during COVID-19 generated millions of tons of plastic waste that risks fragmenting into environmental microplastics.

2021
Article Tier 2

Public face masks wearing during the COVID-19 pandemic: A comprehensive analysis is needed for potential implications

This review weighed evidence on the effectiveness of face masks for preventing COVID-19 transmission against growing evidence that masks release microplastics and chemical contaminants when worn and degraded. The authors concluded that the public health benefits of mask use during the pandemic outweighed plastic exposure risks, but called for redesigned masks with lower MP release and better end-of-life management.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Aerosol Filtration Testing of Fabrics for Development of Reusable Face Masks

Researchers tested the aerosol filtration performance of over 300 fabrics and layered fabric combinations for use as reusable face masks, finding that layered materials and hydrophobic coatings significantly improve filtration efficiency while maintaining breathability. The work provides practical guidance for designing effective non-disposable masks — an important consideration given that disposable mask waste, including microplastic-releasing synthetic fibers, became a major pollution concern during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2021 Aerosol and Air Quality Research 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Face Mask as a Tool to Prevent the Coronavirus Disease 2019: The Importance and Challenges

This review examined the effectiveness and challenges of face masks for preventing COVID-19 transmission. Disposable surgical masks are now recognized as a significant environmental source of microplastic fibers, as they shed synthetic particles during use and when discarded.

2021 International journal of health and life sciences 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of the Optimal Use of Fabric Masks and Disposable Medical Masks During the COVID-19

This paper is not about microplastics — it compares the environmental, economic, and public health trade-offs of disposable medical masks versus reusable cloth masks during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2023 Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology
Article Tier 2

Review of the valorization options for the proper disposal of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers reviewed waste management options for the surge in discarded polypropylene face masks during COVID-19, finding that improper disposal contributes directly to microplastic pollution, and proposing valorization strategies — including energy recovery and material upcycling — tailored to country-level infrastructure and emergency conditions.

2021 Environmental Technology & Innovation 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Exudation of microplastics from commonly used face masks in COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers simulated real-world mask usage and found that commonly used face masks — including surgical and cloth types — shed measurable quantities of microplastic particles that could be inhaled by the wearer, raising concerns about respiratory exposure during prolonged mask use.

2022 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 26 citations
Clinical Trial Tier 1

How efficient are facial masks against COVID-19? Evaluating the mask use of various communities one year into the pandemic

This evaluation of face mask use across multiple communities in Turkey one year into the COVID-19 pandemic found that community masking compliance varied significantly by setting and demographics, with healthcare workers showing the highest adherence. The study confirmed that medical-grade masks provide superior filtration compared to cloth alternatives, though adverse effects from mask use were rare and mainly limited to skin irritation from prolonged wear. The massive global consumption of disposable face masks during the pandemic created a new and significant source of microplastic pollution in both terrestrial and marine environments.

2021 TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES 14 citations
Article Tier 2

Different Type of Face Masks and Their Protection Against Covid-19

This review examined the protective effectiveness of different face mask types against COVID-19. While focused on masks as infection control, surgical and N95 masks are a significant source of microplastic fibers released into the environment during use and disposal.

2021 Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology
Article Tier 2

Face masks: a COVID-19 protector or environmental contaminant?

This review examined how the massive global use of disposable face masks during COVID-19 has created a significant source of microplastic pollution, with billions of masks entering the environment and releasing plastic fibers and chemical contaminants.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Study of Surface Morphology and Effectiveness of Common Nasopharyngeal Masks: A Case of Kathmandu, Nepal

Researchers tested 38 face masks — including cloth masks, surgical masks, and N95 respirators — against PM10 and PM2.5 particles using a mannequin head setup in Kathmandu, Nepal, finding significant variation in filtration efficiency among mask types. The study provides practical guidance on mask effectiveness for particulate matter protection in real-world conditions.

2023 American Journal of Environmental Sciences
Article Tier 2

Particles and fragments in unused disposable face masks: A microscopic analysis

Researchers microscopically examined commercially available surgical masks and found particles and fragments in the 2–40 micrometer range on fiber surfaces inside all masks tested, raising questions about whether mask wearers may inhale these microplastic-sized particles.

2022 International Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Fabric structure and polymer composition as key contributors to micro(nano)plastic contamination in face masks.

Researchers investigated how the structure of face masks — including surgical polypropylene and fashionable polyurethane masks — influences the generation of micro- and nano-plastics during normal wear and UV aging. The findings show that mask material composition and fabric structure are key determinants of how much plastic particles are shed into the wearer's breathing zone.

2024 Journal of hazardous materials
Article Tier 2

A threat or not? A global-scale investigation on microplastics inhalation during the first-ever worldwide face-mask wearing against the COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers built a custom inhalation simulator to test whether wearing face masks increases or decreases microplastic inhalation. They conducted measurements across different mask types and found that while masks do release some microplastic fibers, they generally provide net protection by filtering out airborne particles. The study provides evidence that mask-wearing during the pandemic likely reduced, rather than increased, overall microplastic inhalation.

2024 The Innovation Medicine 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Applicability of Face Masks as Recyclable Raw Materials for Self-Made Insulation Panels

Researchers tested whether used surgical face masks could be repurposed as building insulation panels. The study suggests that mask-based panels perform well as thermal insulators, show acceptable fire resistance and water vapor permeability, and could offer a low-cost way to improve indoor comfort while keeping plastic waste out of landfills.

2024 Energies 9 citations