Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Nanoplastic Transport in Soil via Bioturbation by Lumbricus terrestris

Researchers demonstrated that earthworms can transport nanoplastics deep into soil through bioturbation, specifically by ingesting and excreting particles in their burrow walls. Using palladium-doped polystyrene nanoplastics, they tracked significant vertical transport over four weeks without detectable harm to the earthworms. The findings suggest that biological activity plays an important and previously underappreciated role in moving nanoplastics through soil profiles.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 93 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms

Researchers demonstrated that earthworms can transport microplastic particles from the soil surface deeper into the ground, with smaller particles being moved to greater depths. Using the common earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in greenhouse experiments, they showed that worm activity significantly increased the presence of microplastics in lower soil layers. The findings suggest that earthworms play an important role in burying microplastics in soil, potentially affecting other soil organisms and groundwater.

2017 Scientific Reports 857 citations
Article Tier 2

Incorporation of microplastics from litter into burrows of Lumbricus terrestris

Researchers investigated whether earthworms incorporate microplastics from surface litter into their burrows, finding that earthworm burrowing activity actively transports microplastics deeper into the soil profile.

2016 Environmental Pollution 686 citations
Article Tier 2

Bioturbation-driven transport of microplastic fibres in soil

This study found that earthworm activity transports microplastic fibers deeper into the soil profile, spreading contamination beyond surface deposits. Earthworm bioturbation can therefore expand the reach of microplastic pollution in agricultural and natural soils, with potential consequences for soil ecosystem health.

2022 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms transport microplastic fibres in soils

Laboratory experiments showed that earthworms actively transport microplastic fibers deeper into soil profiles, suggesting that bioturbation by earthworms represents an important pathway for vertical redistribution of microplastic contamination in agricultural soils.

2024
Article Tier 2

Earthworms multifacetedly drive size- and type-dependent microplastic transport in soils

This soil incubation study found that earthworms act as key engineers redistributing microplastics in soil through bioturbation, with optimal transport at ~28 earthworms/m² and selective preference for small PET particles over larger or differently shaped plastics, enabling PET to reach deeper soil layers (13.5–19.5 cm).

2025 Environmental Pollution 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Data for: The deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris ingests and transports microplastic fibres of a wide length range in soils

Researchers tracked redistribution of metal-doped microplastic fibers in 30 cm soil columns over four weeks and analyzed earthworm casts to show that Lumbricus terrestris ingests and vertically transports MP fibers across a wide length range, with redistribution detectable within two weeks of introduction.

2026 Swedish National Data Service
Article Tier 2

Data for: The deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris ingests and transports microplastic fibres of a wide length range in soils

Researchers tracked redistribution of metal-doped microplastic fibers in 30 cm soil columns over four weeks and analyzed earthworm casts to show that Lumbricus terrestris ingests and vertically transports MP fibers across a wide length range, with redistribution detectable within two weeks of introduction.

2026 Swedish National Data Service
Article Tier 2

Earthworms on a microplastics diet

Researchers found that environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics added to plant litter on soil surfaces led to reduced growth and elevated mortality in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, and that earthworms may themselves transport ingested microplastics deeper into soils.

2016 Science 4 citations
Article Tier 2

The deep-burrowing earthworm Lumbricus terrestris ingests and transports microplastic fibres of a wide length range in soils

Scientists found that earthworms can eat and move tiny plastic fibers through soil, carrying pieces as long as 4.8 mm from the surface down to deeper layers. This matters because it shows how microplastics that contaminate soil from sources like synthetic clothing and plastic waste can spread underground through natural processes. Understanding how these plastic particles move through soil helps us better predict where they might end up in our food chain and environment.

2026 Geoderma
Article Tier 2

Leaching of microplastics by preferential flow in earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) burrows

This study showed that earthworms can ingest microplastics from soil surfaces and transport them through their burrows into deeper soil layers via preferential flow pathways. The findings suggest earthworm activity contributes to the vertical movement of microplastics through soil profiles, with implications for groundwater contamination.

2019 Environmental Chemistry 180 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworm Casting Drives Soil Microplastic Upward Transport and the Formation of Biogenic Polymer Aggregates

Scientists found that earthworms are moving tiny plastic particles (microplastics) from deeper soil up to the surface, where crops grow, and breaking them into even smaller pieces in the process. The earthworms also create conditions that help beneficial bacteria break down these plastics over time. This matters because it could affect how much plastic contamination gets into our food supply, though more research is needed to understand the full health implications.

2026 Environmental Science & Technology
Article Tier 2

Leaching of microplastics enhanced through complex soil meso- and macrofaunal community transport

A mesocosm experiment showed that soil invertebrates — including earthworms and collembolans — actively transport microplastics deeper into the soil profile, significantly accelerating the downward movement of plastic particles beyond what occurs through water alone. This finding is important because it means microplastics can migrate more quickly into deeper soil layers and potentially into groundwater, expanding their environmental footprint well beyond the surface.

2026 Environmental Pollution
Article Tier 2

Effects of microplastics and chlorpyrifos on earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) and their biogenic transport in sandy soil

Researchers conducted mesocosm experiments to examine the effects of polyethylene and biodegradable microplastics combined with the pesticide chlorpyrifos on earthworms and their role in transporting these contaminants through soil. The study found that while earthworm reproduction was not significantly affected, earthworm burrowing activity facilitated the vertical transport of both microplastics and chlorpyrifos deeper into the soil profile.

2022 Environmental Pollution 51 citations
Article Tier 2

The Role of Limnodrilus Cervix in Bioturbation, Organic Matter Dynamics and Microplastic Transport in Freshwater Sediments

Researchers studied the bioturbation activity of the tubificid worm Limnodrilus cervix in both pond and terrestrial soils, finding that the organism actively transports microplastics vertically within sediment, with the rate and depth of transport varying by substrate type and organic matter content.

2025 Biophysical Reviews and Letters
Article Tier 2

Leaching of Soil Microplastics Through Meso- and Macrofuanal Community Transport (manuscript introduction)

Researchers investigated the role of soil mesofauna and macrofauna communities -- including earthworms from anecic, epigeic, and endogeic ecological niches -- in transporting microplastics (LLDPE, 300-600 micrometres) downward through soil columns in 18-week mesocosm incubations. The study was the first to examine how complex multi-species soil community structure affects microplastic vertical leaching, finding that faunal bioturbation significantly enhances microplastic transport beyond abiotic processes alone.

2024
Article Tier 2

Microplastic distribution and transport in agricultural soils : from field to burrow scale

Researchers investigated the spatial distribution and transport of microplastics in agricultural soils through field surveys and laboratory experiments. They found that sewage sludge amendments led to significantly higher microplastic contamination than mineral fertilizers, and that earthworm activity was a key mechanism for moving plastic particles deeper into soil. The study highlights the importance of accounting for both horizontal and vertical microplastic transport in soils when assessing agricultural pollution.

2024 Acta universitatis agriculturae Sueciae 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms ingest microplastic fibres and nanoplastics with effects on egestion rate and long-term retention

Researchers used specially labeled microplastic fibers and nanoplastics to track their uptake and retention in earthworms. They found that earthworms ingested both types of particles, but nanoplastics were retained in body tissues for much longer than fibers, which were mostly excreted within days. The study reveals that soil organisms can accumulate very small plastic particles over time, with potential implications for soil food webs.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 133 citations
Article Tier 2

Transport of microplastics by two collembolan species

Researchers exposed two species of soil springtails (collembolans) to surface-applied microplastics and found that these small invertebrates can transport plastic particles vertically into deeper soil layers as they move. This is one of the first demonstrations that soil fauna can redistribute microplastics downward in terrestrial ecosystems.

2017 Environmental Pollution 361 citations
Article Tier 2

Secondary nanoplastic transport in sand and in soil

Scientists studied how tiny plastic particles called nanoplastics move through sand and soil after being broken down in the environment for many years. They found that different types of plastic particles move differently underground - some get stuck while others travel further - depending on the plastic type and soil conditions. This research helps us better understand how these microscopic plastic pieces might spread through groundwater and potentially reach drinking water sources, which could affect human health.

2026
Article Tier 2

Current understanding of subsurface transport of micro‐ and nanoplastics in soil

This review summarizes current knowledge about how micro- and nanoplastics are transported through soil subsurface environments. Researchers discuss the fundamental mechanisms governing plastic particle movement in soils, including size-dependent filtration, preferential flow through macropores, and interactions with soil colloids. The study highlights significant gaps in understanding how plastics migrate through different soil types and may eventually reach groundwater.

2021 Vadose Zone Journal 92 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms Exposed to Polyethylene and Biodegradable Microplastics in Soil: Microplastic Characterization and Microbial Community Analysis

Researchers exposed earthworms to biodegradable and conventional polyethylene microplastics in natural soil and found that worms ingested both types. The biodegradable plastic showed signs of partial breakdown in the earthworm gut, while conventional polyethylene remained unchanged. Although microplastics did not significantly alter the soil or gut microbiome in this study, the results confirm that earthworms transport microplastics through soil ecosystems.

2023 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic-Earthworm Interactions: A Critical Review

This critical review examines how microplastics from diverse plastic waste categories accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and interact with earthworms, a key soil organism. The authors synthesize evidence on the deleterious effects of increasing microplastic concentrations on soil properties, microbiota, and earthworm physiology.

2024 International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and earthworms in soils: A case study on translocation, toxicity and fate

This conference abstract presents research on how earthworms in agricultural soils interact with microplastics, examining whether worms translocate particles deeper into soil, experience toxic effects, and alter the fate of microplastic contamination. Earthworms are key soil engineers, and their exposure to microplastics could have cascading effects on soil health.

2020