Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Combined Toxicity of TiO2 Nanospherical Particles and TiO2 Nanotubes to Two Microalgae with Different Morphology

Researchers investigated the combined toxicity of TiO2 nanospherical particles and TiO2 nanotubes to the freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus and Chlorella pyrenoidosa, finding that binary mixtures produced synergistic toxic effects dependent on the relative proportions of each nanoparticle type and the morphology of the target algae.

2020 Nanomaterials 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity of a Binary Mixture of TiO2 and Imidacloprid Applied to Chlorella vulgaris

Combined exposure of the green alga Chlorella vulgaris to titanium dioxide nanoparticles and the insecticide imidacloprid produced synergistic growth inhibition and oxidative stress exceeding the effects of either compound alone, suggesting that pesticide-nanoparticle mixtures in agricultural runoff may pose greater algal toxicity than single-pollutant risk assessments predict.

2021 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity evaluation of nano-TiO2 in the presence of functionalized microplastics at two trophic levels: Algae and crustaceans

Researchers examined how different surface-functionalized polystyrene microplastics affect the toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles across two trophic levels, using algae and brine shrimp. They found that aminated and plain microplastics enhanced nano-TiO2 toxicity to algae, while carboxylated microplastics reduced it. Direct aqueous exposure caused greater toxicity in brine shrimp than dietary exposure, suggesting that the route of exposure significantly influences combined contaminant effects.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 55 citations
Article Tier 2

Recent Findings in Adverse Effects of Tio2 NPs in Marine Algae and Zooplanktons: A Threat to Marine Ecosystems

This review summarizes recent findings on the harmful effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on marine algae and zooplankton. Researchers found that these nanoparticles can cause oxidative stress, DNA damage, and disruptions to cellular processes in marine organisms. The study highlights that TiO2 nanoparticles often interact with other pollutants like microplastics in marine environments, potentially amplifying their combined ecological impact.

2024 The International Journal of Maritime Engineering 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Polystyrene nanoplastics diminish the toxic effects of Nano-TiO2 in marine algae Chlorella sp.

Researchers found that polystyrene nanoplastics reduced the toxic effects of nano-titanium dioxide on marine algae by forming larger aggregates that decreased the bioavailability of both particle types. The combined exposure led to lower oxidative stress and reduced cellular damage compared to nano-titanium dioxide alone. The study demonstrates that interactions between different types of nanoparticles in marine environments can produce antagonistic effects that alter their individual toxicity profiles.

2021 Environmental Research 53 citations
Article Tier 2

Are gold nanoparticles and microplastics mixtures more toxic to the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii than the substances individually?

Marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii were exposed to gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and virgin microplastics alone and in mixture, finding no enhancement of AuNP toxicity in the presence of microplastics and no synergistic effects at any tested concentration. The study suggests that interactions between microplastics and metal nanoparticles do not necessarily increase combined toxicity to marine primary producers.

2019 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 111 citations
Article Tier 2

Algal extracellular polymeric substances (algal-EPS) for mitigating the combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and nano-TiO2 in Chlorella sp.

This study found that algal extracellular polymeric substances can coat both polystyrene nanoplastics and titanium dioxide nanoparticles and reduce their combined toxic effects on the green alga Chlorella, suggesting that natural organic matter in marine environments can buffer combined nanoparticle toxicity.

2023 Nanotoxicology 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Review and Prospects on the Ecotoxicity of Mixtures of Nanoparticles and Hybrid Nanomaterials

This review examines the toxic effects of nanoparticle mixtures on a wide range of organisms, from algae and bacteria to fish and plants. Researchers found that combined exposure to multiple nanoparticles often produces different effects than exposure to individual particles, making toxicity predictions challenging. The study highlights the need for better methods to assess real-world risks from simultaneous exposure to multiple engineered nanomaterials in the environment.

2022 Environmental Science & Technology 100 citations
Article Tier 2

Molecular mechanism for combined toxicity of micro(nano)plastics and carbon nanofibers to freshwater microalgae Chlorella pyrenoidosa

Researchers tested how microplastics, nanoplastics, and carbon nanofibers affect freshwater algae individually and in combination, finding that the combined effects were significantly worse than either pollutant alone. Nanoplastics combined with carbon nanofibers caused the most severe cellular stress, damaging cell membranes, increasing oxidative stress, and disrupting energy metabolism. Since algae form the base of aquatic food chains, this damage could cascade through ecosystems and affect the safety of water and seafood for humans.

2024 Environmental Pollution 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects on ciliates under nano-/micro-plastics coexist with silver nanoparticles

Researchers tested the combined effects of different-sized plastic particles with silver nanoparticles on marine microorganisms and found that the mixture was more toxic than either pollutant alone. Smaller nanoplastics combined with silver nanoparticles caused the most severe damage, disrupting energy and fat metabolism and causing DNA and protein damage. This study shows how microplastics can amplify the toxicity of other environmental pollutants in marine food chains.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 32 citations
Article Tier 2

Interactive toxicity effects of metronidazole, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and differently functionalized nanoplastics on marine algae Chlorella sp.

Researchers examined the combined toxicity of common pharmaceutical drugs and nanoplastics with different surface coatings on marine algae. They found that the interaction between drugs and nanoplastics produced effects ranging from additive to synergistic, depending on the specific combination, with amine-coated nanoplastics generally causing more harm. The study highlights that real-world mixtures of pharmaceutical and plastic pollutants in oceans may pose greater risks to marine life than either contaminant alone.

2025 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Is hydrodynamic diameter the decisive factor? - Comparison of the toxic mechanism of nSiO2 and mPS on marine microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo

Researchers compared the toxic mechanisms of silica nanoparticles (nSiO2) and polystyrene microplastics (mPS) on the marine microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo over 96 hours, using growth inhibition tests to assess whether hydrodynamic diameter is the key determinant of toxicity. They found that particles with similar hydrodynamic diameters produced similar toxic mechanisms, suggesting particle size in solution is a more critical toxicity driver than material composition alone.

2022 Aquatic Toxicology 19 citations
Article Tier 2

Combined effects of P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and disposable face mask leachate on microalgae Scenedesmus obliquus: analysing the effects of heavy metals

Researchers examined the combined toxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles and surgical face mask leachate on microalgae, finding that polypropylene microplastics released from masks interact with nanoparticles to affect algal growth through heavy metal-mediated mechanisms.

2023 Environmental Science Processes & Impacts 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxicity and Biotransformation of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Marine Microalgae Heterosigma akashiwo

Researchers assessed the toxicity of carbon-based nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes, fullerene, graphene, and graphene oxide on marine microalgae, finding varying effects on growth, membrane potential, and reactive oxygen species generation over seven days of exposure.

2023 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Interactions between phytoplankton species and micro/nano‐plastics and heavy metal contamination

This review examined the interactions between micro- and nanoplastics and heavy metals in the context of phytoplankton ecotoxicology, analyzing how combined pollutant stress affects marine primary producers. The combined toxicity was often greater than individual effects, with MPs acting as carriers that alter heavy metal bioavailability to phytoplankton.

2025 Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society
Article Tier 2

Combined toxic effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and lead on Chlorella vulgaris growth, membrane lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, and morphological alterations

Researchers found that amino-functionalized polystyrene nanoplastics and lead act synergistically to inhibit the growth of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris, with combined exposure producing greater reductions in chlorophyll, biomass, and cell size than either pollutant alone.

2024 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Current methods to monitor microalgae-nanoparticle interaction and associated effects

Researchers reviewed over sixty studies on how nanoparticles — including metals, silica, and plastics — affect aquatic microalgae, finding that shading, ion release, oxidative stress, and adsorption are the primary impact pathways, though no consensus has emerged on which particle properties (size, chemistry, concentration) most determine toxicity.

2019 Aquatic Toxicology 60 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of differently functionalized polystyrene microplastics on the toxic effects of P25 TiO2 NPs towards marine algae Chlorella sp.

Differently functionalized polystyrene microplastics (plain, amino, carboxyl) were tested for their influence on the toxicity of TiO₂ nanoparticles to marine algae Chlorella sp., finding that microplastics altered TiO₂ aggregation behavior and modified its effective toxicity in a surface-chemistry-dependent manner. The study demonstrates that microplastic-nanoparticle interactions in marine environments can change the ecotoxicological outcome of either contaminant alone.

2018 Aquatic Toxicology 119 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoplastics enhance the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticle in freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus

Researchers investigated how fluorescent nanoplastics modify the toxic effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the freshwater algae Scenedesmus obliquus. They found that when nanoplastics were combined with titanium dioxide, oxidative stress markers, lipid damage, and antioxidant enzyme activity all increased significantly beyond individual exposures. The study demonstrates that nanoplastics can enhance the toxicity of other environmental contaminants in freshwater organisms.

2022 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 43 citations
Article Tier 2

Ecotoxicity of polyethylene microplastics and titanium dioxide nanoparticles, isolated and combined, in the gills and livers of Aquarana catesbeiana (Shaw, 1802) tadpoles.

Researchers assessed the combined ecotoxicity of polyethylene microplastics and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on aquatic organisms, testing both contaminants individually and in combination to evaluate whether co-exposure produces additive, synergistic, or antagonistic toxic effects.

2025 LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas)
Article Tier 2

Alleviating binary toxicity of polystyrene nanoplastics and atrazine to Chlorella vulgaris through humic acid interaction: Long-term toxicity using environmentally relevant concentrations

Researchers found that when nanoplastics and the herbicide atrazine were combined in water, they had a synergistic toxic effect on algae that was worse than either pollutant alone. However, adding humic acid, a natural substance found in soil and water, significantly reduced this combined toxicity by coating the nanoplastics and changing their surface properties. This suggests that natural organic matter in the environment may offer some protection against the harmful effects of nanoplastic-chemical mixtures.

2024 Chemosphere 11 citations
Article Tier 2

The comparative effects of visible light and UV-A radiation on the combined toxicity of P25 TiO2 nanoparticles and polystyrene microplastics on Chlorella sp.

Scientists studied how titanium dioxide nanoparticles and polystyrene microplastics together affect green algae under visible light versus UV-A radiation. UV-A light made titanium dioxide more toxic on its own, but when combined with microplastics, the mixture actually reduced toxicity because the plastics absorbed some of the reactive chemicals generated by UV exposure. The findings suggest that light conditions significantly change how multiple pollutants interact in marine environments.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effects of nSiO2 and mPS on diatoms Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima

This study tested the toxic effects of silicon dioxide nanoparticles and polystyrene microplastics on the marine diatom Nitzschia closterium f. minutissima, finding both types inhibited algae growth in a dose-dependent manner. Since marine microalgae form the base of ocean food chains, toxicity to these organisms can cascade up through marine ecosystems and ultimately affect seafood that humans consume.

2023 Marine Environmental Research 2 citations
Article Tier 2

The combined toxicity effect of nanoplastics and glyphosate on Microcystis aeruginosa growth

Researchers found that cationic nanoplastics adsorb glyphosate so strongly that co-exposure actually reduces the herbicide's toxicity to algae by sequestering it — but the nanoplastics coated in glyphosate adhere more readily to algal surfaces, potentially concentrating both pollutants further up the food chain.

2018 Environmental Pollution 271 citations