Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Personal protective equipment use during COVID-19 pandemic and associated waste management in households in Sri Lanka

Researchers estimated that COVID-19 PPE use in Sri Lanka generates approximately 88.5 tonnes of plastic waste daily, with 55% of facemasks disposed via open burning at homes, and identified major gaps in PPE waste management infrastructure while proposing pyrolysis-based energy recovery strategies.

2022
Article Tier 2

Accumulation of biomedical waste during the COVID-19 pandemic: concerns and strategies for effective treatment

Researchers analyzed the surge in biomedical waste generated by the COVID-19 pandemic in India, modeled face mask consumption volumes, and evaluated disposal infrastructure including incineration technology, identifying critical gaps and proposing risk-based strategies for safer waste segregation and treatment.

2022 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 15 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic Waste Management towards Energy Recovery during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Example of Protective Face Mask Pyrolysis

Researchers analyzed the elemental composition and pyrolysis behavior of COVID-19 protective face masks, finding that pyrolysis at 400-900 degrees Celsius could effectively recover energy from pandemic-related plastic waste that overwhelmed conventional waste management systems.

2022 Energies 26 citations
Article Tier 2

Review of the valorization options for the proper disposal of face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic

Researchers reviewed waste management options for the surge in discarded polypropylene face masks during COVID-19, finding that improper disposal contributes directly to microplastic pollution, and proposing valorization strategies — including energy recovery and material upcycling — tailored to country-level infrastructure and emergency conditions.

2021 Environmental Technology & Innovation 68 citations
Article Tier 2

Disseminating the Biomedical Waste Generation Scenario During Covid-19: an Overview from the Lower Middle Income Country Bangladesh

This study quantified biomedical waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh, estimating that about 158 million face masks were disposed of in urban areas alone during the study period, generating 517 tons of solid waste. Pandemic-related medical waste adds a significant burden of plastic pollution, including microplastic-shedding personal protective equipment.

2021 American International Journal of Nursing Education and Practice
Article Tier 2

Biomedical waste generation and management during COVID-19 pandemic in India: challenges and possible management strategies

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a massive surge in biomedical and plastic waste generation in India, overwhelming existing infrastructure and raising risks of environmental contamination and pathogen spread, with the authors calling for improved waste segregation, capacity expansion, and national policy reform.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 73 citations
Article Tier 2

Current plastics pollution threats due to COVID-19 and its possible mitigation techniques: a waste-to-energy conversion via Pyrolysis

Researchers reviewed how the COVID-19 pandemic generated massive amounts of plastic medical waste — including masks and gloves — and found that pyrolysis (heating plastic without oxygen) can convert this waste into usable oil, reducing plastic pollution. This waste-to-energy approach offers a practical path for managing the surge of single-use medical plastics that would otherwise end up in landfills or the environment as microplastics.

2021 ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS RESEARCH 161 citations
Article Tier 2

Potential Environmental Impacts of the Use and Disposal of Personal Protective Equipment during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Sri Lanka

Researchers estimated that Sri Lanka disposes of approximately 12 million face masks and nearly 1 million pieces of other PPE daily, with open burning as the most common disposal method, generating significant microplastic release and climate emissions equivalent to nearly 100 kilotonnes of CO₂ annually.

2023 Engineer Journal of the Institution of Engineers Sri Lanka
Article Tier 2

Thermogravimetric analysis of face mask waste: Kinetic analysis via iso-conversional methods

Researchers analyzed the thermal decomposition of discarded face masks — which contain plastic microfibers — to evaluate their potential for energy recovery through pyrolysis. The COVID-19 pandemic generated enormous quantities of mask waste, and understanding their thermal behavior can inform strategies for safely processing this new category of plastic waste.

2023 MATEC Web of Conferences
Article Tier 2

Identification of Face Mask Waste Generation and Processing in Tourist Areas with Thermo-Chemical Process

Researchers assessed face mask waste generation in tourist areas and evaluated thermo-chemical processing as a disposal method, measuring the effectiveness of thermal treatment for reducing pandemic-era mask waste on beaches.

2023 Archives of Environmental Protection 30 citations
Article Tier 2

Generation of Facemask in India during the COVID - 19 Pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic drove massive increases in single-use facemask consumption in India, generating a growing stream of plastic waste that poses environmental risks if not properly managed.

2023 MATEC Web of Conferences
Article Tier 2

Generation, types and impacts of biomedical waste during COVID-19: Indian context

This review documented the surge in biomedical waste generated in India during COVID-19, examining waste types, management challenges, and health and environmental impacts of improper disposal, within the context of the country's already strained waste management infrastructure.

2023 Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Insights into hazardous solid waste generation during COVID-19 pandemic and sustainable management approaches for developing countries

Researchers reviewed hazardous solid waste generated by COVID-19 personal protective equipment, noting that SARS-CoV-2 persistence on plastic and other surfaces makes improper disposal a transmission risk, and proposed measures including biodegradable PPE materials and strategic pre-planning for waste management in low- and middle-income countries.

2021 Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management 54 citations
Article Tier 2

COVID-19 and waste management in Indian scenario: challenges and possible solutions

Researchers review how COVID-19 dramatically amplified India's already-strained biomedical waste management challenges, warning that improper disposal of pandemic-associated waste risks food chain contamination and a secondary 'waste disaster,' and calling for automated, mechanized waste management systems to handle current and future health emergencies.

2021 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 43 citations
Article Tier 2

Conversion of Waste Surgical Mask Into Energy Rich Oil by Pyrolysis Using Fly Ash as Catalyst

This study converted waste surgical masks — a major COVID-19 pandemic plastic waste problem — into energy-rich oil through catalytic pyrolysis using fly ash as a catalyst and food waste-derived biogas as the heat source. The approach offers a way to recover energy from the massive volumes of polypropylene mask waste generated during the pandemic.

2023 Research Square (Research Square)
Article Tier 2

Study of Recycling Potential of FFP2 Face Masks and Characterization of the Plastic Mix-Material Obtained. A Way of Reducing Waste in Times of Covid-19

Researchers showed that FFP2 face masks can be mechanically recycled without pre-sorting their composite materials, producing a polymer blend with thermal and mechanical properties comparable to recycled polypropylene — offering a practical route to divert pandemic mask waste from the environment.

2021 Waste and Biomass Valorization 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Global face mask pollution: threats to the environment and wildlife, and potential solutions

Researchers reviewed the global face mask pollution crisis following COVID-19, estimating massive production volumes and finding that most disposal pathways generate secondary microplastic pollution or toxic emissions, and proposing countermeasures including biodegradable mask development and improved waste management policy.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 86 citations
Article Tier 2

Challenges of increased usage of plastic during COVID and Possible Solutions

This review examines the surge in plastic waste generation during the COVID-19 pandemic driven by increased use of gloves, masks, protective clothing, and test kits, and evaluates current treatment methods including incineration, landfilling, pyrolysis, and gasification. The authors recommend scaling up pyrolysis and gasification as cleaner alternatives and promote regulation, CO2 scrubbing, and expanded use of biodegradable plastics to address the amplified plastic waste challenge.

2022 Highlights in Science Engineering and Technology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

The Escalating Biomedical Waste Management To Control the Environmental Transmission of COVID-19 Pandemic: A Perspective from Two South Asian Countries

This study examines the growing challenge of biomedical waste management during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and India. The research suggests that improperly managed personal protective equipment and medical waste could contribute to long-term microplastic pollution, and recommends modernizing waste management policies and installing adequate incineration infrastructure to prevent environmental and community transmission risks.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 69 citations
Review Tier 2

Fate of disposable face masks in high-solids anaerobic digestion: Experimental observations and review of potential environmental implications

Researchers examined the fate of disposable face masks in high-solids anaerobic digestion, finding that masks remained largely intact and released microplastic particles during the digestion process, raising environmental concerns about COVID-19 PPE waste in municipal solid waste streams.

2021 Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 49 citations
Article Tier 2

An urgent call to think globally and act locally on landfill disposable plastics under and after covid-19 pandemic: Pollution prevention and technological (Bio) remediation solutions

This review examines how the COVID-19 pandemic worsened plastic pollution through massive increases in landfilled disposable masks and other protective equipment, estimated at 3.5 million metric tonnes in the first year alone. Researchers warn that improperly managed pandemic waste could release trillions of microplastics into the environment. The study highlights innovative waste management and bioremediation technologies that could help mitigate the long-term environmental impact.

2021 Chemical Engineering Journal 109 citations
Article Tier 2

PID-Controlled Pyrolysis of Medical Mask Waste for Enhanced Alternative Fuel Production

Researchers proposed a PID-controlled pyrolysis system for medical mask waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic, evaluating its effectiveness for producing alternative fuel and addressing the urgent environmental challenge of plastic-based mask waste.

2025 Jurnal Teknik Kimia dan Lingkungan
Article Tier 2

Personal protective equipment (PPE) pollution driven by COVID-19 pandemic in Marina Beach, the longest urban beach in Asia: Abundance, distribution, and analytical characterization.

This study surveyed COVID-19 personal protective equipment littered on Marina Beach in India, finding over 1,150 items with face masks making up the vast majority. The authors measured the chemical composition of the discarded PPE and raised concerns about masks becoming a significant new source of microplastic pollution as they degrade in coastal environments.

2023 Marine pollution bulletin
Article Tier 2

Impactos ambientales por residuos sólidos generados durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y alternativas de solución

This review synthesized research on the environmental impacts of solid waste generated during the COVID-19 pandemic—particularly disposable PPE—and evaluated proposed solutions including incineration, recycling, and biodegradable alternatives.

2025 Revista Científica de Ingenierías y Arquitectura .