Papers

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Article Tier 2

Toxicity mechanism of Nylon microplastics on Microcystis aeruginosa through three pathways: Photosynthesis, oxidative stress and energy metabolism

Researchers investigated how nylon microplastics affect the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and found dose-dependent growth inhibition reaching nearly 48% at the highest concentration. The microplastics disrupted photosynthesis, damaged cell membranes, triggered oxidative stress, and altered the expression of genes involved in energy production and carbon fixation. The study identifies three interconnected pathways through which nylon microplastics harm these important aquatic organisms.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 149 citations
Article Tier 2

Micro- and nanoplastic stress intensifies Microcystis aeruginosa physiology and toxin risks under environmentally relevant water chemistry conditions

Researchers exposed the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to environmentally relevant concentrations of micro- and nanoplastics, finding both significantly enhanced algal biomass and microcystin toxin production, with nanoplastics additionally promoting extracellular toxin release.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials
Article Tier 2

Polymer-specific toxicity of microplastics to Microcystis aeruginosa: Growth inhibition, physiological responses, and molecular mechanisms

Researchers exposed the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to four polymer types over 12 days and found that all significantly inhibited growth, with PVC causing the greatest inhibition, and identified polymer-specific molecular mechanisms including oxidative stress and photosynthesis disruption.

2025 Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology
Article Tier 2

Growth inhibition, toxin production and oxidative stress caused by three microplastics in Microcystis aeruginosa

Researchers tested the effects of three common microplastic types, PVC, polystyrene, and polyethylene, on the growth and toxin production of the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. They found that all three microplastics inhibited algal growth and triggered oxidative stress, with PVC causing the most severe effects. The study also revealed that microplastic exposure stimulated the production of microcystin toxins, suggesting that plastic pollution could worsen harmful algal bloom impacts in freshwater systems.

2020 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 149 citations
Article Tier 2

Micrometer scale polystyrene plastics of varying concentrations and particle sizes inhibit growth and upregulate microcystin-related gene expression in Microcystis aeruginosa

Researchers found that polystyrene microplastics inhibited the growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in a dose- and size-dependent manner, with smaller particles and higher concentrations causing greater growth suppression. Notably, microplastic exposure also upregulated genes related to microcystin production, suggesting that microplastics could potentially increase the toxicity of harmful algal blooms.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 97 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoplastics Promote Microcystin Synthesis and Release from Cyanobacterial Microcystis aeruginosa

Researchers discovered that amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics promote both the production and release of microcystin, a harmful toxin, from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The nanoplastics inhibited photosynthesis, induced oxidative stress, and damaged cell membranes, which enhanced toxin synthesis and extracellular release. The findings suggest that nanoplastic pollution in freshwater ecosystems could worsen the threat of harmful algal blooms to aquatic ecology and human health.

2020 Environmental Science & Technology 232 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoplastics promote microcystin synthesis and release from cyanobacterial Microcystis aeruginosa.

Researchers showed that amino-modified polystyrene nanoplastics (PS-NH2) stimulate microcystin synthesis and release in the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa by inhibiting photosystem II and increasing membrane permeability. This is the first direct evidence linking nanoplastics to enhanced cyanotoxin production in freshwater blooms.

2025 Figshare
Article Tier 2

Microplastics benefit bacteria colonization and induce microcystin degradation

Polystyrene microplastics in a microcosm experiment facilitated bacterial colonization and promoted the degradation of the cyanobacterial toxin microcystin, with the plastisphere community showing distinct metabolic activity compared to free-living bacteria. The study reveals that microplastic biofilms can unexpectedly accelerate detoxification of co-occurring harmful algal bloom toxins.

2022 Journal of Hazardous Materials 50 citations
Article Tier 2

Size-dependent toxic effects of polystyrene microplastic exposure on Microcystis aeruginosa growth and microcystin production

Researchers exposed the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa to polystyrene microplastics of two sizes and found that particle size significantly influenced the effects. The larger 1-micrometer particles promoted algal growth while aggregating on cell surfaces and inhibiting photosynthesis, whereas 100-nanometer particles stimulated toxin production. The study suggests that microplastic pollution in freshwater may have complex, size-dependent effects on harmful algal blooms and their toxin output.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 152 citations
Article Tier 2

Responses of bloom-forming Microcystis aeruginosa to polystyrene microplastics exposure: Growth and photosynthesis

Researchers exposed bloom-forming blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) to polystyrene microplastics and found a complex pattern: high concentrations (50–100 mg/L) temporarily suppressed growth and photosynthesis in the middle of the experiment, but promoted growth at the beginning and end. This suggests microplastics could worsen harmful algal blooms in the long run, which is concerning because these blooms produce toxins that contaminate drinking water.

2022 Water Cycle 31 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparative growth and cellular responses of toxigenic Microcystis exposed to different types of microplastics at various doses

Researchers exposed toxigenic Microcystis cyanobacteria to polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride microplastics at various concentrations to study dose- and time-dependent effects. They found that low microplastic doses initially stimulated growth, while higher doses increasingly inhibited it, with PVC showing stronger effects than polyethylene. The study suggests that microplastic pollution in freshwaters could influence the behavior of harmful algal blooms depending on the type and concentration of plastic present.

2021 Environmental Pollution 51 citations
Article Tier 2

Toxic effect and the mechanisms of colored microplastics containing inorganic pigments on Microcystis aeruginosa

Researchers compared the toxicity of red-pigmented polyethylene microplastics containing cadmium-based pigments with colorless microplastics on the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. The colored microplastics inhibited cell growth by 53% compared to only 23% for colorless particles, with the enhanced toxicity attributed to the release of toxic heavy metal pigments, suggesting that colored microplastics pose greater ecological risks than commonly studied colorless ones.

2025 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Effects of polystyrene microplastics on growth, physiological traits of Microcystis aeruginosa and microcystin production and release

Researchers examined how polystyrene microplastics of various sizes affect the growth and toxin production of the harmful algae Microcystis aeruginosa. They found that microplastics inhibited algal growth at low densities, with the smallest particles causing the greatest inhibition, and also disrupted the algae's antioxidant defense system. Notably, microplastic exposure led to a significant increase in the production of the toxin microcystin-LR, raising concerns about how microplastic pollution could worsen harmful algal blooms.

2025 Environmental Pollution 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic characteristics differentially influence cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom microbial community membership, growth, and toxin production

Researchers investigated how different types of microplastics influence the growth and toxin production of harmful algal blooms in freshwater. They found that certain microplastic characteristics, such as shape and polymer type, significantly affected which microbial species thrived and how much toxin was produced. The study suggests that microplastic pollution may play an underappreciated role in worsening harmful algal blooms in lakes and reservoirs.

2025 Sustainable Microbiology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Mechanistic study on the increase of Microcystin-LR synthesis and release in Microcystis aeruginosa by amino-modified nano-plastics.

This study examined how amino-modified nanoplastics increase production and release of the toxin Microcystin-LR in the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, revealing the cellular and gene-expression mechanisms behind this enhancement. The findings highlight how nanoplastic pollution can amplify harmful algal bloom toxicity.

2024 Journal of hazardous materials
Meta Analysis Tier 1

Ecological risk analysis and prediction of microplastics' effects on Microcystis aeruginosa in freshwater system: a meta-analysis approach

This meta-analysis found that micro- and nanoplastics can both inhibit and stimulate the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa — a harmful algal bloom cyanobacterium — depending on particle size and degradability. Smaller, degradable plastics tend to promote algal growth, suggesting microplastic pollution could worsen toxic algal blooms in freshwater systems used for drinking water.

2026 Environmental Pollution
Article Tier 2

Nitrogen Forms Regulate the Response of Microcystis aeruginosa to Nanoplastics at Environmentally Relevant Nitrogen Concentrations

Researchers found that nanoplastics significantly inhibited the growth of a common blue-green algae species and increased its production of microcystin, a toxin harmful to humans. The type of nitrogen available in the water changed how severely the nanoplastics affected the algae, with nitrate conditions causing the worst growth inhibition. This matters because nanoplastic pollution could increase toxic algal blooms in lakes and reservoirs used for drinking water.

2024 ACS Nano 17 citations
Article Tier 2

The photosynthetic toxicity of nano-polystyrene to Microcystis aeruginosa is influenced by surface modification and light intensity

Researchers found that amino-modified nanoplastics are more toxic to the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa than unmodified particles, and that high light intensity amplifies this toxicity by generating additional reactive oxygen species — including singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radicals — through interactions between visible light and the particle surface.

2024 Environmental Pollution 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Changes of the physicochemical properties of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) from Microcystis aeruginosa in response to microplastics

This study examined how microplastics affect the extracellular polymeric substances produced by the common freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, which plays a role in harmful algal blooms. Researchers found that microplastic exposure altered the composition and structure of these substances over time. The findings suggest that microplastics could influence how cyanobacteria aggregate and form blooms, with potential implications for water quality management.

2022 Environmental Pollution 94 citations
Article Tier 2

Acute effects of three surface-modified nanoplastics against Microcystis aeruginosa: Growth, microcystin production, and mechanisms

Researchers found that surface-modified nanoplastics significantly inhibited growth of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa while increasing microcystin production by up to 175%, with positively charged particles causing the strongest effects.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 38 citations
Article Tier 2

Sorption of the common freshwater cyanotoxin microcystin to microplastics

Researchers demonstrated that microplastics from freshwater environments can adsorb the harmful algal bloom toxin microcystin onto their surfaces, potentially concentrating the toxin and altering its environmental fate. This finding suggests that microplastics in lakes with cyanobacterial blooms may act as carriers for toxins that affect fish, wildlife, and humans.

2020 QSpace (Queen's University Library) 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Potentially Poisonous Plastic Particles: Microplastics as a Vector for Cyanobacterial Toxins Microcystin-LR and Microcystin-LF

Researchers demonstrated for the first time that microplastics can act as vectors for cyanobacterial toxins called microcystins, concentrating the toxins up to 28 times from water onto plastic surfaces. The adsorption process depended on particle size, plastic type, pH, and the specific microcystin variant. The findings raise concerns about microplastics transporting harmful algal toxins through aquatic food webs to higher trophic levels.

2021 Environmental Science & Technology 90 citations
Article Tier 2

The competitive advantage of Microcystis aeruginosa over Scenedesmus obliquus weakened by exposure to polylactic acid microplastics

Researchers studied how polylactic acid microplastics affect the growth competition between the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa and the green alga Scenedesmus obliquus. They found that while PLA microplastics promoted the growth of both species, they substantially reduced toxin production in Microcystis, weakening its competitive advantage. The study suggests that biodegradable microplastics may alter harmful algal bloom dynamics by changing the balance between competing phytoplankton species.

2023 Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Adsorption of cyanotoxins on polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate: Microplastics as vector of eight microcystin analogues

Eight microcystin analogues were tested for adsorption onto polypropylene and polyethylene terephthalate microplastics, finding that these common plastics can bind cyanotoxins from freshwater environments. The study identifies microplastics as potential vectors for cyanobacterial toxins in lakes and reservoirs, with implications for drinking water safety.

2022 Environmental Pollution 53 citations