Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Particle dispersion and clustering in surface ocean turbulence with ageostrophic dynamics

This paper is not directly about microplastics; it uses numerical ocean simulations to model how small-scale turbulence and ageostrophic dynamics affect the clustering and dispersion of floating particles at the ocean surface, with relevance to understanding how marine debris concentrates in convergence zones.

2023 Physics of Fluids 7 citations
Article Tier 2

The Role of the Unsteady Surface Wave‐Driven Ekman–Stokes Flow in the Accumulation of Floating Marine Litter

Researchers modeled the role of wave-driven Ekman-Stokes flow in the accumulation of floating marine debris, finding that this near-surface current mechanism significantly influences where plastic litter concentrates at sea, with implications for predicting and targeting ocean cleanup efforts.

2022 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 23 citations
Article Tier 2

The effect of wind mixing on the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris

Researchers modeled and measured how wind mixing affects the vertical distribution of buoyant plastic debris in the ocean, finding that turbulent mixing drives plastics below the surface and explains why surface sampling underestimates total plastic concentrations.

2012 Geophysical Research Letters 701 citations
Article Tier 2

Aggregation of Slightly Buoyant Microplastics in Three-Dimensional Vortex Flows

This modeling study found that slightly buoyant microplastics preferentially accumulate in vorticity-dominated regions below the ocean surface in three-dimensional eddy flows. This explains why microplastics are found throughout the water column rather than just at the surface, and has implications for their ingestion by organisms at various depths.

2023 1 citations
Article Tier 2

On Clustering of Floating Tracers in Random Velocity Fields

This mathematical modeling study explores how floating particles — including microplastics — cluster into dense patches on the ocean surface under turbulent currents, finding that realistic time-correlated ocean flows produce clusters far faster than simpler models predict. Understanding this clustering behavior is important for accurately assessing where microplastic pollution concentrates in the ocean and how organisms encounter it at ecologically meaningful densities.

2023 Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer: 1. Influence of equilibrium wind‐waves on vertical distributions

Using large eddy simulations, this paper modeled how wind-driven waves affect the vertical distribution of buoyant particles near the ocean surface, providing the physical framework for the companion paper on microplastic debris distribution. The models explain why floating microplastics are often mixed down below the surface, reducing the concentrations observed in surface sampling.

2015 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 77 citations
Article Tier 2

Role of Indian Ocean Dynamics on Accumulation of Buoyant Debris

Researchers used ocean circulation modeling to investigate the role of Indian Ocean dynamics in accumulating buoyant marine plastic debris, examining how Ekman convergence and regional current patterns shape the distribution of floating debris in the Indian Ocean subtropical gyre.

2019 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 71 citations
Article Tier 2

The Role of Ekman Currents, Geostrophy, and Stokes Drift in the Accumulation of Floating Microplastic

Researchers modeled the roles of Ekman currents, geostrophic flow, Stokes drift, and mesoscale eddies in concentrating floating microplastic in subtropical gyres, finding that wind-driven Ekman transport is the dominant accumulation mechanism.

2019 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 262 citations
Article Tier 2

Dispersion of buoyant Lagrangian particles in the wave-driven ocean surface boundary layer

This computational study used large eddy simulations to model how buoyant particles — including plastics, oil, and biological material — disperse within the ocean surface boundary layer under different wave and turbulence conditions. The results showed that Langmuir turbulence (driven by wave-current interactions) is especially effective at submerging buoyant particles and influencing their horizontal spread, while highly buoyant particles can become trapped at the surface under certain conditions. The findings are directly relevant to modeling how microplastics distribute across the ocean surface and how long they remain accessible to marine organisms that feed near the surface.

2025 Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Impacts of wind forcing on microplastics kinematic in a sensitive water area

Researchers modeled how wind forcing affects the movement and distribution of microplastics in a sensitive coastal water area, finding that wind-driven surface currents are a dominant control on where microplastics accumulate. The model predicts substantial wind-driven concentration at specific coastal zones.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Horizontal Dispersion of Buoyant Materials in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

This theoretical and computational study examined how buoyant materials like plastic fragments are dispersed horizontally in the ocean surface layer by turbulent mixing processes. The modeling results help explain how surface microplastics spread and whether they reach zones of biological concentration.

2018 Journal of Physical Oceanography 33 citations
Article Tier 2

Clustering of buoyant tracer in quasi-geostrophic coherent structures

Using Lagrangian particle tracking in a turbulent quasi-geostrophic ocean model, researchers found that buoyant floating tracers cluster inside coherent vortex structures due to ageostrophic circulation effects, with implications for understanding how surface plastic debris concentrates in ocean eddies.

2025 Journal of Fluid Mechanics 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Anticyclonic eddies increase accumulation of microplastic in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre

Researchers found that anticyclonic eddies significantly increase the accumulation of microplastics in the North Atlantic subtropical gyre, using in situ measurements combined with satellite observations and modelling to reveal eddy-driven convergence as a key mechanism controlling microplastic distribution.

2017 Marine Pollution Bulletin 158 citations
Article Tier 2

Empirical Lagrangian parametrization for wind-driven mixing of buoyant particles at the ocean surface

This study developed simplified mathematical models for how wind-driven turbulence mixes buoyant particles — including microplastics — in the ocean surface layer. Better parameterizations of near-surface mixing are important for predicting where floating microplastics concentrate and how they eventually sink.

2021 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Lagrangian Investigation of Wave-Driven Turbulence in the Ocean Surface Boundary Layer

This study used Lagrangian particle tracking within large-eddy simulations to analyze wave-driven turbulence in the ocean surface boundary layer. Ocean surface turbulence directly controls how microplastics are mixed, accumulated, and transported in the uppermost layer of the ocean.

2018 Journal of Physical Oceanography 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Vertical structure of ocean surface currents under high winds from massive arrays of drifters

This oceanography study used drifting buoys to measure ocean surface currents very close to the water surface, improving understanding of how wind and waves drive near-surface transport. Such current models are important for predicting how buoyant microplastics are distributed and concentrated across ocean surface waters.

2019 Ocean science 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Influence of Near‐Surface Currents on the Global Dispersal of Marine Microplastic

An ocean circulation model incorporating biological and physical processes found that near-surface currents, including wind-driven surface drift and wave-induced mixing, play a major role in dispersing buoyant microplastics globally, with plastic accumulating preferentially in subtropical convergence zones. The model improves understanding of how ocean physics shapes global microplastic distribution patterns.

2019 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 148 citations
Article Tier 2

Non-breaking Wave Effects on Buoyant Particle Distributions

This study used wave-resolving simulations to examine how surface gravity waves affect the distribution of buoyant microplastic particles in the ocean mixed layer. The findings show that wave dynamics create concentration patterns near the surface that are missed by models that do not resolve individual wave phases.

2020 Frontiers in Marine Science 16 citations
Article Tier 2

Pathways of marine debris derived from trajectories of Lagrangian drifters

Researchers applied a probabilistic model to global satellite-tracked ocean drifter trajectories to map marine debris pathways, identifying five subtropical convergence zones maintained by Ekman currents where floating debris — including microplastics — preferentially accumulates, confirming predictions with direct ocean surface measurements.

2011 Marine Pollution Bulletin 661 citations
Article Tier 2

Persistency and Surface Convergence Evidenced by Two Maker Buoys in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch

Researchers tracked two drifting buoys released in the Great Pacific Garbage Patch in 2019 and compared their trajectories to circulation divergence fields, Lagrangian plastic dispersal models, and sea-level anomalies, demonstrating that persistent negative velocity divergence and elevated modelled plastic surface density coincide with surface convergence zones that concentrate floating debris.

2023 Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Passive buoyant tracers in the ocean surface boundary layer: 2. Observations and simulations of microplastic marine debris

Using ocean computer models calibrated against real-world observations, this study showed how wave mixing and other physical processes push buoyant microplastics below the ocean surface, explaining why less plastic is detected at the surface than expected. These models are critical for estimating where microplastic pollution is truly accumulating in the ocean.

2015 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 82 citations
Article Tier 2

What Influences Microplastic Distribution in the Marine Environment? A Study Highlighting the Role of Fronts and Submesoscale Processes in the North Sea

Researchers combined in-situ microplastic sampling with oceanographic measurements in the North Sea to demonstrate that submesoscale processes, density fronts, and filaments play a critical role in MP transport and aggregation, creating convergence zones that serve as hotspots for microplastic accumulation.

2025
Article Tier 2

Fate of microplastics and mesoplastics carried by surface currents and wind waves: A numerical model approach in the Sea of Japan

A particle-tracking ocean model for the Sea of Japan showed that surface currents, wind waves, and Stokes drift all influence the distribution of floating microplastics, with model outputs matching field survey data. The study demonstrates the value of combining wave dynamics with current models to predict where microplastics accumulate in coastal seas.

2017 Marine Pollution Bulletin 208 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics segregation by rise velocity at the ocean surface

This study modeled the competing forces of particle buoyancy and turbulent mixing that control the vertical distribution of microplastics in the ocean surface layer, finding that particle rise velocity is the key variable that segregates plastic types and determines how they distribute relative to surface and subsurface measurements.

2023 Environmental Research Letters 23 citations