Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Comparison of three insect larvae biodegrading polyethylene and role of the intestinal bacterial strains in polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella larvae

Compared to two other insect species, Galleria mellonella waxworm larvae showed the highest polyethylene degradation ability, with gut bacterial strains identified as key contributors to plastic breakdown in a process transferable outside the host.

2024 Research Square (Research Square) 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Polyethylene by Enterobacter sp. D1 from the Guts of Wax Moth Galleria mellonella

Researchers isolated the bacterium Enterobacter sp. D1 from the gut of wax moth larvae and found it capable of biodegrading polyethylene film. After 14 days of cultivation, the bacteria formed colonies on the plastic surface and caused visible damage including roughness and cracks. The study suggests that gut bacteria from plastic-consuming insects could offer potential avenues for developing biological approaches to plastic waste management.

2019 International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 231 citations
Article Tier 2

Can the insects Galleria mellonella and Tenebrio molitor be the future of plastic biodegradation?

This review examines recent discoveries about how wax moth and mealworm larvae can break down common plastics using enzymes in their saliva and gut microorganisms. Researchers found that these insects offer a promising biological alternative to traditional plastic disposal methods like landfilling and incineration, which themselves contribute to microplastic pollution. The study highlights key challenges including the need for standardized testing methods and proposes innovative ideas like using insects as living bioreactors for plastic waste processing.

2025 The Science of The Total Environment 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella

Researchers discovered that the saliva of wax worm larvae (Galleria mellonella) can oxidize and begin breaking down polyethylene plastic within hours at room temperature, identifying two specific enzymes responsible — the first animal-derived enzymes known to initiate plastic degradation, offering a promising biological tool for tackling plastic waste.

2022 Nature Communications 191 citations
Article Tier 2

Comparison study on low-density polyethylene film biodegradation potential of Achoria grisella and Galleria mellonella larvae

This study compared the ability of two wax moth species to biodegrade low-density polyethylene plastic, finding both larvae could break down LDPE with gut microbiota playing an important role. The findings suggest potential for insect-based plastic biodegradation as a waste management approach.

2023 Journal of Environmental Biology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Polystyrene by Galleria mellonella: Identification of Potential Enzymes Involved in the Degradative Pathway

This study confirmed that larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella can biodegrade polystyrene, one of the most resistant plastics, and identified candidate enzymes involved in the degradation process. Researchers used proteomics to pinpoint enzymes in the larval gut, providing insights that could inform future biotechnological approaches to plastic waste management.

2024 International Journal of Molecular Sciences 13 citations
Article Tier 2

Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella

Researchers found that the saliva of Galleria mellonella (wax worm) larvae can oxidize and depolymerize polyethylene at room temperature within hours, overcoming the critical initial oxidation bottleneck in plastic biodegradation. Two specific enzymes within the saliva were identified as responsible for this capability, representing the first discovery of enzymes able to break down polyethylene under mild physiological conditions.

2022 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Biodegradation of Polyethylene and Polystyrene by Greater Wax Moth Larvae (Galleria mellonella L.) and the Effect of Co-diet Supplementation on the Core Gut Microbiome

This study tested whether co-feeding larvae of the wax moth Galleria mellonella with supplementary diet could enhance survival while maintaining their ability to biodegrade polyethylene and polystyrene plastics. The results show that larvae can degrade both polymer types when fed co-diets, offering a potential avenue for biological plastic breakdown.

2020 Environmental Science & Technology 253 citations
Article Tier 2

Using Insect Larvae and Their Microbiota for Plastic Degradation

This review summarizes research on insect larvae, including wax worms and mealworms, that can eat and break down plastic using bacteria and enzymes in their guts. Recent discoveries include novel plastic-degrading enzymes found in wax worm saliva that can begin breaking down polyethylene within hours. While still far from a large-scale solution, this biological approach to plastic degradation could eventually help reduce the microplastic pollution that threatens ecosystems and human health.

2025 Insects 20 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic Biodegradation through Insects and their Symbionts Microbes: A Review

This review examines how insects and their gut microbes can break down plastic waste, covering species like mealworms and waxworms that can digest polyethylene and polystyrene. The bacteria living in insect guts are responsible for much of this plastic-degrading activity. Insect-based biodegradation could offer a scalable biological solution to reducing plastic pollution.

2021 Journal of Bioresource Management 23 citations
Article Tier 2

Consumption of polypropylene by Galleria mellonella (Insecta, Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) larvae did not cause degenerative changes in internal organs

This study found that greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae can consume polypropylene plastic without suffering organ damage, confirming that this insect species tolerates plastic ingestion well and supporting its potential use in biodegradation applications. The gut microbiome is believed responsible for breaking down the plastic, pointing toward a biological route for reducing polypropylene waste that is the precursor to significant environmental microplastic contamination.

2023
Article Tier 2

Environmental Biotechnology: Biodegradation of Microplastics with Larvae of Tenebrio Molitor and Galleria Mellonella

Researchers tested the ability of mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) and wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae to biodegrade microplastics collected from a Peruvian beach, finding that both species could partially degrade plastic samples, supporting insect larvae as a promising biotechnology for microplastic remediation.

2022 SHILAP Revista de lepidopterología 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Complete digestion/biodegradation of polystyrene microplastics by greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella) larvae: Direct in vivo evidence, gut microbiota independence, and potential metabolic pathways

Researchers provided direct in vivo evidence that greater wax moth larvae can completely digest polystyrene microplastics, demonstrating that biodegradation occurs independently of gut microbiota and identifying potential metabolic pathways involved in the breakdown process.

2021 Journal of Hazardous Materials 113 citations
Article Tier 2

The Galleria mellonella Hologenome Supports Microbiota-Independent Metabolism of Long-Chain Hydrocarbon Beeswax

This study assembled a high-quality genome of the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella to understand how it degrades wax and plastic molecules, identifying key enzymes and pathways involved in long-chain hydrocarbon metabolism. The findings advance knowledge of the genetic basis for plastic degradation by insects and may support biotechnological applications in plastic biodegradation.

2019 Cell Reports 169 citations
Article Tier 2

The Ability of Insects to Degrade Complex Synthetic Polymers

This review synthesizes research on insect-mediated biodegradation of synthetic polymers, examining species from Coleopteran and Lepidopteran orders — including mealworms, wax moths, and flour beetles — whose gut microbial symbionts enable breakdown of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyurethane, and PVC into lower molecular weight, less toxic excreta.

2023 IntechOpen eBooks 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Nature’s solution to degrade long-chain hydrocarbons: A life cycle study of beeswax and plastic eating insect larvae

Researchers examined the lifecycle stages of three beeswax-eating insect larvae species (Galleria mellonella, Achroia grisella, and Uloma sp.) and measured their ability to degrade beeswax, polyethylene, and polystyrene under laboratory conditions. They found that all three insect larvae caused measurable weight loss in polyethylene and polystyrene feeds over time, confirming biodegradation capacity and identifying these species as potential biological agents for plastic waste degradation.

2024 1 citations
Article Tier 2

A potential enzymatic pathway for polystyrene degradation using saliva of greater wax moth Galleria mellonella

Researchers investigated whether saliva from the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella larvae contains enzymes capable of degrading polystyrene, identifying a potential enzymatic pathway that could offer a biodegradation route for this highly persistent synthetic polymer.

2025 Journal of Emerging Investigators
Article Tier 2

Physicochemical and structural evidence that Bacillus cereus isolated from the gut of waxworms (Galleria mellonella larvae) biodegrades polypropylene efficiently in vitro

Researchers isolated Bacillus cereus from the gut of Galleria mellonella (waxworm) larvae and demonstrated its ability to efficiently biodegrade polypropylene in vitro, confirming surface degradation via scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, with implications for microbial approaches to plastic waste management.

2023 Research Square (Research Square) 4 citations
Article Tier 2

The use of insects, some land and marine invertebrates, in the biodegradation of plastic

This review examines the potential of insects and invertebrates—including mealworms, wax moths, and shipworms—to biodegrade plastics, microplastics, and nanoplastics, summarizing the gut microbiomes and enzymes involved and the prospects for practical bioremediation.

2025 The European Zoological Journal
Article Tier 2

Physicochemical and Structural Evidence that Bacillus cereus Isolated from the Gut of Waxworms (Galleria mellonella Larvae) Biodegrades Polypropylene Efficiently In Vitro

Researchers isolated Bacillus cereus bacteria from waxworm gut microbiota and demonstrated that it biodegrades polypropylene plastic in vitro by oxidizing the polymer surface to form carbonyl and hydroxyl groups, with high-temperature gel permeation chromatography confirming measurable molecular weight reduction — pointing to potential enzymes for future plastic-degradation applications.

2023 Journal of Polymers and the Environment 22 citations
Article Tier 2

A novel Gordonia sp. PS3 isolated from the gut of Galleria mellonella larvae: Mechanism of polystyrene biodegradation and environmental toxicological evaluation

Researchers isolated a new bacterial strain, Gordonia sp. PS3, from the gut of wax moth larvae that can break down polystyrene microplastics with about a 34 percent degradation rate over 40 days. They identified specific enzymes responsible for the breakdown and confirmed the process produces non-toxic byproducts. The discovery points to a promising biological approach for addressing polystyrene plastic pollution in the environment.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Improved reference quality genome sequence of the plastic-degrading greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella

Researchers produced an improved reference genome for the greater wax moth (Galleria mellonella), a model organism used in microplastic and plastic-degradation research because its larvae can break down polyethylene. The improved assembly provides a genomic resource supporting genetic studies of plastic-degrading enzymes in this insect.

2024 G3 Genes Genomes Genetics 9 citations
Article Tier 2

A toxicological perspective of plastic biodegradation by insect larvae

This review examines how larvae of certain beetle and moth species can consume and biodegrade synthetic polymers including polyethylene, polystyrene, and polypropylene, with their gut microbiomes playing a key role in the degradation process. While promising for plastic waste management, the study also raises toxicological concerns about the breakdown intermediates and chemical additives released during biodegradation.

2021 Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology 85 citations
Article Tier 2

BIODEGRADATION OF POLYSTYRENE BY PLASTIVORES GREATER WAXWORMS LARVAE (Galleria mellonella).

Researchers investigated the biodegradation of polystyrene by Greater Waxworm larvae (Galleria mellonella), using weight loss measurements, morphology analysis, and FTIR spectroscopy to confirm that the larvae could consume and chemically alter polystyrene whose structure resembles beeswax. The findings identify Galleria mellonella as a promising biological agent for reducing polystyrene accumulation in the environment.

2024 IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES