Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Microplastic removal and management strategies for wastewater treatment plants

This review examines how well different wastewater treatment technologies remove microplastics and what management strategies can improve performance. While conventional treatment plants can remove a large percentage of microplastics from water, the particles often end up concentrated in sewage sludge that gets applied to farmland. The study highlights the need for advanced treatment options and better management of biosolids to prevent microplastics from simply being transferred from water to soil.

2023 Chemosphere 133 citations
Article Tier 2

[Microplastics in wastewater treatment: current status and future trends].

This review summarizes current research on microplastic occurrence, removal, and fate in wastewater treatment plants, noting that while plants capture most microplastics in activated sludge, significant numbers still escape into effluent. The sludge itself then becomes a major pathway for microplastics to enter agricultural soils when applied as fertilizer. Future treatment improvements and sludge management policies are needed to reduce these release pathways.

2022 PubMed 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Removal of Microplastic Pollution through Waste Water Treatment: A Review

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants reduce microplastic contamination, comparing biological and advanced treatment methods and highlighting that residual microplastics in sewage sludge applied to agricultural land remain a significant pathway for environmental release.

2022 Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Approaching the environmental problem of microplastics: Importance of WWTP treatments

This review examines the role of wastewater treatment plants as sources and sinks of microplastics, noting that while treatment removes significant quantities, remaining particles concentrate in sewage sludge which is then applied to agricultural land as fertilizer. The authors survey available technologies for improving microplastic removal and call for better policy to address this gap.

2020 The Science of The Total Environment 262 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Characteristics, Occurrence and Removal Technologies

This review summarizes how wastewater treatment plants are a major pathway for microplastics entering the environment, covering the types, sizes, and sources of microplastics found in wastewater. While treatment plants can remove many microplastics, significant amounts still escape into rivers and oceans through treated water and sludge. The authors evaluate various removal technologies and recommend advanced treatment methods to better prevent microplastics from reaching water supplies.

2024 Water 46 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics removal through water treatment plants: Its feasibility, efficiency, future prospects and enhancement by proper waste management

Researchers reviewed over 80 studies on water treatment plant performance and found microplastic removal ranges widely — from 16% in basic primary treatment up to near 100% with advanced membrane systems — but a major flaw is that removed microplastics concentrate in sludge, which can re-enter the environment. The review recommends optimizing coagulants and sludge treatment to prevent microplastics from simply being relocated rather than eliminated.

2021 Environmental Challenges 181 citations
Article Tier 2

Analysis of micro- and nanoplastics in wastewater treatment plants: key steps and environmental risk considerations

This review examines how micro- and nanoplastics behave within wastewater treatment plants, which are a major pathway for these particles entering the environment. Researchers highlight that treatment plants can remove many microplastics but often transfer them to sewage sludge, which is then spread on agricultural land. The study calls for better standardized methods to measure nanoplastics in wastewater and assess the environmental risks of treatment byproducts.

2023 Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 18 citations
Article Tier 2

A review of the removal of microplastics in global wastewater treatment plants: Characteristics and mechanisms

This review analyzed data from 38 wastewater treatment plants across 11 countries to understand how effectively they remove microplastics. While treatment plants can remove the majority of microplastics from wastewater, significant quantities still pass through into waterways, and the microplastics captured in sewage sludge may re-enter the environment when that sludge is applied to farmland.

2020 Environment International 589 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics and Wastewater Treatment Plants—A Review

This review examines the role of wastewater treatment plants in retaining microplastics before they enter the environment. Studies show that no wastewater treatment method achieves complete microplastic removal, making treatment plants themselves point sources of microplastic discharge into aquatic environments. The review also discusses concerns about microplastic-laden sewage sludge being applied to agricultural land.

2020 Journal of Water Resource and Protection 161 citations
Review Tier 2

Microplastics removal in wastewater treatment plants: A review of the different approaches to limit their release in the environment

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants handle microplastics, finding that while some plants remove up to 99% of microplastics from water, they concentrate the removed plastics in sewage sludge. When that sludge is spread on farmland as fertilizer, over 65% of the captured microplastics can re-enter the environment and potentially contaminate crops and groundwater. The authors argue that treatment plants should be reimagined as key barriers against microplastic pollution, with targeted technologies added at strategic points in the treatment process.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 58 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Sources, properties, removal efficiency, removal mechanisms, and interactions with pollutants

This review examines microplastic sources, properties, removal efficiency, and removal mechanisms across different wastewater treatment plant stages. Researchers found that while treatment plants remove a significant portion of microplastics, they cannot eliminate them entirely, resulting in the continued release of millions of particles into the environment daily through effluent and sludge.

2023 Water Science & Technology 128 citations
Review Tier 2

The Effect of Wastewater Treatment Plants on Retainment of Plastic Microparticles to Enhance Water Quality—A Review

This review examined how well wastewater treatment plants remove microplastics, finding that most conventional systems achieve high removal rates but still discharge significant plastic quantities in treated effluent and sludge. Improving treatment efficiency and preventing sludge application to farmland are key strategies for reducing microplastic release.

2021 Journal of Environmental Protection 12 citations
Article Tier 2

Recent advances on microplastics pollution and removal from wastewater systems: A critical review

This review summarizes the latest research on microplastic detection, occurrence, and removal in wastewater treatment plants. While treatment plants can remove 57-99% of microplastics depending on the stage, significant amounts still escape into the environment through treated water and sludge. The findings highlight the need for advanced treatment methods to prevent microplastics from reaching waterways and ultimately human water supplies.

2023 Journal of Environmental Management 81 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs): Occurrence and removal

A review of microplastic occurrence and removal at wastewater treatment plants found that while WWTPs reduce microplastic concentrations in effluent, they never achieve complete removal, and the retained plastics concentrate in sewage sludge that is often land-applied. WWTPs are thus both a barrier and a pathway for microplastics entering both aquatic and terrestrial environments.

2019 Chemosphere 242 citations
Article Tier 2

Research progress on microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: A holistic review

This review provides a holistic assessment of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, covering sampling methods, occurrence patterns across treatment stages, removal efficiencies, and the environmental risks posed by microplastic discharge through effluent and sludge.

2022 Journal of Environmental Management 88 citations
Article Tier 2

Technologies for the Removal of Microplastics from Wastewater: A Short Review

This review compares wastewater treatment technologies for removing microplastics, finding that membrane bioreactors and advanced filtration systems achieve the highest removal efficiencies (>95%) but that MPs accumulating in sludge may re-enter the environment through biosolid disposal. The analysis underscores that no current treatment system completely prevents MP discharge and that sludge management is a critical but underaddressed pathway to the environment.

2023 Global NEST International Conference on Environmental Science & Technology 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Sources, fate, effects, and analysis of microplastic in wastewater treatment plants: A review

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants handle microplastics, finding that while they can remove over 90% of particles, the sheer volume of water processed means billions of microplastics still escape into waterways daily. The remaining microplastics also concentrate in sewage sludge, which is often spread on agricultural land. Wastewater treatment plants are both a filter for and a redistribution point of microplastic pollution.

2023 Environmental Engineering Research 31 citations
Article Tier 2

The fate of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: An overview of source and remediation technologies

This review examines how wastewater treatment plants serve as key pathways for microplastic entry into the environment, analyzing removal efficiencies across different treatment stages and identifying advanced technologies for improved microplastic remediation.

2022 Environmental Technology & Innovation 159 citations
Article Tier 2

Variation in microplastic concentration, characteristics and distribution in sewage sludge & biosolids around the world

Researchers systematically reviewed 65 studies on microplastics in sewage sludge and biosolids from wastewater treatment plants around the world. They found that while treatment processes remove 57% to 99% of microplastics from wastewater, the removed particles concentrate in sludge that is often applied to agricultural land. The review highlights that land application of biosolids may be a significant, underappreciated pathway for microplastic pollution in soils.

2023 The Science of The Total Environment 95 citations
Article Tier 2

Conventional and Advanced Treatment Technologies for Microplastics in Water Treatment Facilities

This review evaluated both conventional and advanced water treatment methods for removing microplastics from wastewater. Researchers found that while techniques like coagulation, filtration, and membrane bioreactors can remove most microplastics, treatment plants still release significant quantities due to the sheer volume of water processed, and microplastic-laden sludge applied to farmland creates another pathway for environmental contamination.

2024 Preprints.org 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics removal from a primary settler tank in a wastewater treatment plant and estimations of contamination onto European agricultural land via sewage sludge recycling

Researchers found that primary settling in wastewater treatment removes significant microplastics from sewage, but these particles concentrate in sludge that is often recycled onto agricultural land, creating a pathway back into the environment.

2022 Environmental Pollution 99 citations
Article Tier 2

Tracing the fate of microplastic in wastewater treatment plant: A multi-stage analysis of treatment units and sludge

Researchers tracked microplastics through every stage of a wastewater treatment plant and found that while treatment removes many particles from the water, most end up concentrated in the leftover sludge. Fibers and fragments were the most common shapes, made primarily of polyester and polyethylene. Since treated sludge is often spread on farmland, this creates a pathway for microplastics to enter soil and potentially the food chain.

2023 Environmental Pollution 60 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence, Characteristics, and Removal of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants

This review summarizes the occurrence, characteristics, and removal efficiency of microplastics in wastewater treatment plants, highlighting how these facilities simultaneously act as sinks trapping microplastics and as sources releasing them into surrounding aquatic and terrestrial environments.

2025
Review Tier 2

Microplastics in Sewage Sludge: A review

This review examines the presence and fate of microplastics in sewage sludge from municipal wastewater treatment plants, a topic that has received less attention than microplastics in the water treatment line. The study highlights that agricultural application of sewage sludge is a primary source of microplastic contamination in soils, and provides a comprehensive overview of detection methods, concentrations, and the environmental implications of sludge-borne microplastics.

2023 Environmental Science and Pollution Research 64 citations