Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Potential Use of Earthworms to Enhance Decaying of Biodegradable Plastics

Researchers examined the potential of earthworms to accelerate the biodegradation of both conventional and biobased biodegradable plastics in soil, finding that earthworm activity can enhance the physical fragmentation and microbial degradation of some polymers, though effectiveness varies significantly by polymer type. The study suggests earthworm-assisted composting as a partial strategy to reduce agricultural plastic pollution.

2020 ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 90 citations
Article Tier 2

Enhancing the biodegradability and environmental impact of microplastics utilizing Eisenia fetida earthworms with treated low-density polyethylene for sustainable plastic management

Researchers used Eisenia fetida earthworms to improve the biodegradability of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) microplastics in soil, testing whether earthworm-mediated soil processing could enhance the breakdown of this persistent polymer. Earthworm activity increased LDPE fragmentation and promoted microbial colonization of plastic surfaces, suggesting vermicomposting as a strategy for managing soil plastic contamination.

2024 Journal of Applied and Natural Science
Review Tier 2

Vermicomposting as a potential strategy for microplastic reduction in organic waste: mini review

This review evaluates vermicomposting as a biological approach for reducing microplastic contamination in organic waste streams. Researchers found evidence that earthworms can physically fragment and partially break down certain types of microplastics during the composting process, though effects on earthworm health vary by plastic type and concentration. The study suggests that vermicomposting shows promise as a strategy for mitigating microplastic contamination in compost, but more research is needed on long-term impacts.

2025 Environmental and Agriculture Management 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Fragmentation and depolymerization of microplastics in the earthworm gut: A potential for microplastic bioremediation?

Researchers explored whether earthworms can break down microplastics in soil by passing them through their digestive systems. They found that earthworms fragmented and partially broke down polyethylene and biodegradable plastic particles, reducing their size and altering their chemical structure. This suggests earthworms could play a role in naturally reducing microplastic contamination in soil, though more research is needed to understand whether the smaller fragments pose their own risks.

2023 Journal of Hazardous Materials 117 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of conventional and biodegradable microplastics on earthworms during vermicomposting process

Researchers compared the effects of conventional polyethylene and biodegradable microplastics on earthworms during composting and found that both types caused stress at higher concentrations. Earthworm weight, reproduction, and survival were negatively affected by both plastic types, though biodegradable microplastics caused somewhat less harm. The findings suggest that biodegradable plastics are not entirely safe for soil organisms and can still disrupt composting processes.

2024 Environmental Geochemistry and Health 6 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworm (Eisenia andrei)-Mediated Degradation of Commercial Compostable Bags and Potential Toxic Effects

Researchers studied how the earthworm Eisenia andrei degrades commercial biodegradable plastic films during soil incubation, finding that earthworm activity accelerated fragmentation and altered the chemical structure of the plastic material. The study supports using earthworms as biological agents for in-soil plastic degradation.

2024 Microplastics 8 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of agricultural microplastic and mesoplastic in the vermicomposting process: Response of Eisenia fetida and quality of the vermicomposts obtained

Researchers found that agricultural plastic waste in vermicomposting reduced earthworm survival by 10% and body weight by 15%, altered nutrient content of the resulting compost, and induced oxidative stress regardless of plastic particle size or UV pretreatment.

2023 Environmental Pollution 8 citations
Article Tier 2

The Effect of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Low-density Polyethylene Microplastics in Organic Material on Vermicomposting Process

Researchers assessed the effects of polyethylene terephthalate and low-density polyethylene microplastics on vermicomposting of organic material, measuring germination index, C/N ratio, worm survival, pH, and electrical conductivity and finding that both MP polymer types impair key composting process indicators.

2025 Current Applied Science and Technology
Article Tier 2

Earthworms Exposed to Polyethylene and Biodegradable Microplastics in Soil: Microplastic Characterization and Microbial Community Analysis

Researchers exposed earthworms to biodegradable and conventional polyethylene microplastics in natural soil and found that worms ingested both types. The biodegradable plastic showed signs of partial breakdown in the earthworm gut, while conventional polyethylene remained unchanged. Although microplastics did not significantly alter the soil or gut microbiome in this study, the results confirm that earthworms transport microplastics through soil ecosystems.

2023 ACS Agricultural Science & Technology 42 citations
Article Tier 2

Effect of microplastics in sludge impacts on the vermicomposting

Researchers examined how adding polyethylene microplastic particles to sludge affects vermicomposting performance. The study found that higher microplastic concentrations reduced the efficiency of organic matter removal, impaired composting quality, and caused oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in earthworms, with bacterial diversity also declining in heavily contaminated treatments.

2021 Bioresource Technology 62 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms mitigate drought effects on microbial decomposition of straw under varying microplastic conditions

Researchers found that earthworms could partially offset the negative effects of both biodegradable and non-degradable microplastics on microbial straw decomposition during drought conditions in Loess Plateau soils, primarily by modifying soil physical properties and microbial community composition.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Incorporation of microplastics from litter into burrows of Lumbricus terrestris

Researchers investigated whether earthworms incorporate microplastics from surface litter into their burrows, finding that earthworm burrowing activity actively transports microplastics deeper into the soil profile.

2016 Environmental Pollution 686 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms on a microplastics diet

Researchers found that environmentally relevant concentrations of polyethylene microplastics added to plant litter on soil surfaces led to reduced growth and elevated mortality in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris, and that earthworms may themselves transport ingested microplastics deeper into soils.

2016 Science 4 citations
Article Tier 2

The Effects of Agricultural Plastic Waste on the Vermicompost Process and Health Status of Eisenia fetida

This study assessed the effects of agricultural plastic waste, including LDPE, LLDPE, and expanded polystyrene, on vermicomposting with the earthworm Eisenia fetida. Plastic debris in the compost at 1.25% fresh weight did not significantly affect earthworm survival but altered compost maturation, microbial activity, and resulting compost quality.

2022 Agronomy 10 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Agricultural Soil: Fate, Impacts, and Bioremediation by Earthworms

This review examines how microplastics accumulate in agricultural soils and the role earthworms may play in breaking them down. Researchers found that microplastics can harm soil health by disrupting microbial communities, enzyme activity, and nutrient availability, but that earthworms can enhance microplastic degradation through their digestive processes and the microorganisms in their gut. The study suggests that earthworm-based bioremediation could be a practical strategy for reducing microplastic contamination in farmland.

2025 Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Vermicomposting leads to more abundant microplastics in the municipal excess sludge

Researchers found that vermicomposting of municipal excess sludge leads to increased microplastic concentrations in the treated material compared to the input sludge, raising concerns that this widely-used organic amendment technology may concentrate and spread microplastic contamination in soils.

2022 Chemosphere 23 citations
Systematic Review Tier 1

A Systematic Review on Earthworms in Soil Bioremediation

This systematic review found that earthworm-based bioremediation (vermiremediation), alone or combined with phytoremediation and bioaugmentation, effectively reduces soil contamination from heavy metals, pesticides, and hydrocarbons. The research is relevant to microplastics because earthworms interact extensively with soil microplastics, potentially fragmenting them further while also being harmed by plastic particle ingestion.

2023 Applied Sciences 22 citations
Article Tier 2

Bioremediation of soil microplastics: the role of microbial and earthworm activity

This review of 150 studies found that tiny plastic particles in soil can be naturally broken down by soil microbes and earthworms working together, with earthworms reducing some plastics by up to 60%. The research shows that certain plastic types like shopping bags and food containers are harder to break down than others, and that healthy soil with diverse microbes and earthworms is better at cleaning up plastic pollution. This matters because microplastics in soil can eventually end up in our food and water, so understanding how nature breaks them down could help us develop better ways to reduce plastic pollution in the environment.

2026 3 Biotech
Article Tier 2

Microplastic transport in soil by earthworms

Researchers demonstrated that earthworms can transport microplastic particles from the soil surface deeper into the ground, with smaller particles being moved to greater depths. Using the common earthworm Lumbricus terrestris in greenhouse experiments, they showed that worm activity significantly increased the presence of microplastics in lower soil layers. The findings suggest that earthworms play an important role in burying microplastics in soil, potentially affecting other soil organisms and groundwater.

2017 Scientific Reports 857 citations
Article Tier 2

Dose Effect of Polyethylene Microplastics Derived from Commercial Resins on Soil Properties, Bacterial Communities, and Enzymatic Activity

Researchers applied polyethylene microplastics derived from commercial resins to soil at varying doses and measured effects on soil organisms and properties, finding dose-dependent impacts on earthworm behavior, enzyme activity, and nutrient cycling.

2024 Microorganisms 9 citations
Article Tier 2

Earthworms As An Emerging Biotechnological Intervention in the Mitigation of Microplastics

This review explores the emerging role of earthworms as biological agents for degrading microplastics in soil environments. Researchers found that earthworm gut microflora and mucous secretions actively contribute to breaking down plastic polymers through enzymatic depolymerization. The study suggests that earthworm-mediated biodegradation could be a promising biotechnological approach for mitigating microplastic contamination in terrestrial ecosystems.

2024 Egyptian Journal of Soil Science 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Impact of Microplastics on the Carbon and Nitrogen of Vermicompost

This study evaluated the effect of polyethylene, polypropylene, and PET microplastics on carbon and nitrogen content in vermicompost produced by earthworms. Microplastic addition altered C:N ratios in vermicompost, with effects on soil quality metrics relevant to agricultural use of this organic amendment.

2024 Environmental Quality Management 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastic-Earthworm Interactions: A Critical Review

This critical review examines how microplastics from diverse plastic waste categories accumulate in terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and interact with earthworms, a key soil organism. The authors synthesize evidence on the deleterious effects of increasing microplastic concentrations on soil properties, microbiota, and earthworm physiology.

2024 International Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 1 citations
Article Tier 2

Microbial metabolism in wormcast affected the perturbation on soil organic matter by microplastics under decabromodiphenyl ethane stress

Researchers examined how microplastics combined with a brominated flame retardant affect soil health through earthworm activity. They found that microplastics altered the microbial communities in earthworm castings, which in turn changed how soil organic matter was processed. The study suggests that co-pollution from microplastics and flame retardants can disrupt important soil ecosystem functions that depend on earthworm-microbe interactions.

2025 Journal of Hazardous Materials 4 citations