Papers

61,005 results
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Article Tier 2

Microplastic contamination in east Antarctic sea ice

Researchers analyzed an ice core from East Antarctic land-fast sea ice using micro-FTIR spectroscopy, finding 96 microplastic particles dominated by polyester and polypropylene, providing direct evidence that microplastics are incorporated into Antarctic sea ice.

2020 Marine Pollution Bulletin 316 citations
Article Tier 2

High Abundances of Microplastic Pollution in Deep-Sea Sediments: Evidence from Antarctica and the Southern Ocean

Microplastic pollution was investigated in deep-sea sediments from Antarctic and Southern Ocean regions, finding high abundances that varied among sites. The study confirmed that microplastics are accumulating in the remote Antarctic deep-sea environment, with evidence going back to scientific literature from the 1980s that has accelerated in recent years.

2020 Environmental Science & Technology 289 citations
Article Tier 2

Floating macro- and microplastics around the Southern Ocean: Results from the Antarctic Circumnavigation Expedition

Researchers surveyed floating macro- and microplastic pollution around the Southern Ocean islands, providing baseline abundance estimates for high southern latitudes. The data reveal that plastic contamination extends even to remote polar regions, with seabirds in the area confirmed to have been ingesting plastics since at least the 1960s.

2020 Environment International 266 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution characteristics of microplastics in surface and subsurface Antarctic seawater

Researchers characterized microplastic distribution in both surface and subsurface Antarctic seawater, finding plastic contamination present at multiple depths and dominated by fibers and fragments, highlighting that even remote polar waters are affected by plastic pollution.

2022 The Science of The Total Environment 109 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the Southern Ocean: Findings from the Continuous Plankton Recorder in the Ross Sea and the East Antarctic Regions

This study found microplastics widely distributed in surface waters of the Southern Ocean near Antarctica, collected via continuous plankton recorder samples. The detection of plastics in these remote polar waters confirms that microplastic contamination has reached essentially every corner of the global ocean.

2018 University of Canterbury Research Repository (University of Canterbury) 2 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the sediments of Terra Nova Bay (Ross Sea, Antarctica)

The first survey of plastic contamination in Antarctic seafloor sediments from Terra Nova Bay found microplastics in all 31 samples collected, with a diverse range of polymer types. This confirms that even remote polar deep-sea sediments are not free of human-derived plastic pollution.

2017 Marine Pollution Bulletin 302 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the Antarctic marine system: An emerging area of research

This paper reviewed microplastics research in the Antarctic marine system, identifying it as an emerging research area and documenting the first evidence of microplastic contamination in this remote polar environment.

2017 The Science of The Total Environment 777 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoplastics measurements in Northern and Southern polar ice

Researchers measured nanoplastic concentrations in polar ice from both the Arctic and Antarctic regions. They detected nanoplastic particles in ice samples from both poles, confirming that plastic pollution has reached even the most remote environments on Earth. The study demonstrates that nanoplastics are now a globally distributed contaminant, present even in pristine polar regions far from major population centers.

2022 Environmental Research 258 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in sea ice and seawater beneath ice floes from the Arctic Ocean

Microplastic concentrations in Arctic sea ice were orders of magnitude higher than in the underlying seawater, with 2 to 17 particles per liter in ice versus 0 to 18 particles per cubic meter beneath floes in the Central Basin. Backward trajectory modeling suggested the sea ice originated from the Siberian shelf and other Arctic regions, consistent with long-range transport of microplastics to the pole.

2020 Scientific Reports 285 citations
Article Tier 2

Plastic occurrence, sources, and impacts in Antarctic environment and biota

Researchers reviewed evidence of plastic pollution in Antarctica, finding microplastics — mostly fibers — in sea ice, ocean water, sediments, and both marine and land animals, raising concern that even the most remote ecosystems on Earth are contaminated and that biodiversity and ecosystem functions may be at risk.

2022 Water Biology and Security 108 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoplastics measurements in Northern and Southern Polar Ice

Researchers measured nanoplastics in ice cores from both the Arctic and Antarctic, confirming that even the most remote polar regions contain plastic nanoparticles. This finding shows that nanoplastics have reached every corner of the planet through atmospheric and oceanic transport.

2022 7 citations
Article Tier 2

Nanoplastic concentration and potential transport in the Arctic Ocean

Researchers conducted the first multi-matrix, multi-site assessment of nanoplastics across the Arctic Ocean and found polystyrene, polypropylene, and polyethylene nanoplastics widely distributed from the Svalbard region to the central Arctic. Concentrations ranged up to 900 nanograms per liter, with higher levels in snow and surface ice than at the ice-sea interface, suggesting that sea ice acts as a temporary reservoir and secondary source of nanoplastic redistribution.

2026 npj Emerging Contaminants
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in polar regions: An early warning to the world's pristine ecosystem

This review summarized evidence for microplastic contamination in Arctic and Antarctic environments — including water, sea ice, sediment, and biota — characterizing polar regions as sinks for globally transported plastic particles and calling for improved monitoring to track long-term trends.

2021 The Science of The Total Environment 194 citations
Article Tier 2

The transport and fate of microplastic fibres in the Antarctic: The role of multiple global processes

Researchers investigated microplastic contamination across air, seawater, and sediment samples in the Antarctic Weddell Sea and identified 47 distinct microplastic categories, predominantly fibers. The overlap of fiber types across different sample media suggests that microplastics reach Antarctica through multiple transportation pathways, including atmospheric and oceanic currents. The study demonstrates that even one of the most remote regions on Earth is affected by diffuse microplastic pollution from global sources.

2022 Frontiers in Marine Science 60 citations
Article Tier 2

Marine litter, microplastic pollution and organic additives assessments in polar areas through an opportunistic cruise ship-based approach

A cruise-based survey found microplastics in 100% of surface water, sediment, and ice samples collected across both the western Arctic and the Antarctic Peninsula, with floating microplastic densities reaching over 314,000 items/km² in Antarctica, and also detected organo-phosphate and phthalate chemical additives for the first time in Antarctic waters. The findings confirm that even the most remote polar regions on Earth are now substantially contaminated with microplastics and their associated chemical pollutants.

2026 Marine Pollution Bulletin
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in landfast sea ice of Alaskan Arctic: Characteristics and potential sources

Microplastics were found at concentrations averaging 221 particles per liter in Alaskan Arctic landfast sea ice, with over 80% of particles smaller than 50 micrometers — small enough to be readily ingested by marine organisms. The sea ice near Barrow acts as a seasonal reservoir that traps microplastics from Pacific Ocean currents and then releases them when the ice melts, exposing Arctic marine ecosystems to a pulse of pollution each spring. The dominance of polyamide and polyethylene points to fishing gear and packaging waste as primary sources.

2024 Research in Cold and Arid Regions 3 citations
Article Tier 2

Distribution and impacts of microplastic incorporation within sea ice

Researchers experimentally incorporated microplastics into sea ice to investigate their distribution and impact on ice properties, finding that microplastics concentrate within sea ice at levels far exceeding surface seawater and that their presence alters the physical and optical properties of the ice.

2019 Marine Pollution Bulletin 124 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and distribution patterns of small microplastics (11-500µm) in the southern weddell sea off antarctica

This study characterized small microplastics in the 11-500 micron range across the Southern Ocean south of the polar front, a region previously underrepresented in microplastic research due to the focus on larger particle sizes. Detection of these smaller particles confirms that even remote polar marine environments contain pervasive microplastic contamination.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Enrichment characteristics of microplastics in Antarctic benthic and pelagic fish and krill near the Antarctic Peninsula

Researchers examined microplastic contamination in 15 species of Antarctic fish and Antarctic krill collected near the Antarctic Peninsula. They found microplastics in all species studied, with fish accumulating significantly more particles than krill, and fibers being the most common type. The study demonstrates that microplastic pollution has reached even the most remote marine ecosystems on Earth.

2024 The Science of The Total Environment 5 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and distribution patterns of small microplastics (11-500µm) in the southern weddell sea off antarctica

Researchers assessed small microplastics in the 11-500 micron size range in the Southern Ocean, a region considered remote and pristine, filling a gap left by prior studies that focused on larger particles. Microplastics were detected even in this remote marine environment, suggesting widespread dispersal beyond populated regions.

2024 Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in the Southern Ocean

Net tow surveys in the Southern Ocean in 2016 found 44 plastic pieces at five stations, confirming that microplastics reach even the remote Antarctic waters. The study computed total particle counts for the entire water column, providing a more complete estimate of microplastic burden than surface-only sampling.

2016 Marine Pollution Bulletin 407 citations
Article Tier 2

Microplastics in Antarctica - a Plastic Legacy in the Antarctic Snow?

This study detected microplastics in snow from remote Antarctic locations including the South Pole, Union Glacier, and Schanz Glacier, finding concentrations of 73-3,099 MP/L with 95% of particles smaller than 50 micrometers. Refined automated FTIR analysis revealed that previous Antarctic microplastic reports likely underestimated contamination due to analytical size limitations.

2023 4 citations
Article Tier 2

Occurrence and Distribution of Microplastics in Soils and Intertidal Sediments at Fildes Bay, Maritime Antarctica

Researchers found microplastic contamination in soils and intertidal sediments at Fildes Bay in Maritime Antarctica, with higher concentrations near research stations, demonstrating that even remote polar environments are affected by microplastic pollution.

2022 Frontiers in Marine Science 39 citations
Article Tier 2

Modeling the Accumulation and Transport of Microplastics by Sea Ice

Researchers used numerical modeling to examine how positively and neutrally buoyant microplastics accumulate in and are transported by Arctic and Southern Ocean sea ice, finding that sea ice acts as a significant seasonal reservoir and redistribution mechanism for microplastic pollution in polar regions.

2020 Journal of Geophysical Research Oceans 73 citations