Understanding the Characteristics, Origins, Potential Impacts, and Removal Efficiencies of Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Southeast Asia

Microplastics, or fragments of plastic smaller than 5 millimeters in size, have received considerable attention in recent years. As these microscopic particles enter our oceans, water sources, and even the air we breathe, concerns about their impact on human health have increased, particularly in Asia, a region experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. This study provides an up-to-date review of the current state of knowledge regarding microplastic pollution, with a particular focus on the Southeast Asia (SEA) region. It encompasses an evaluation of microplastic origins, characteristics, removal efficiencies in wastewater treatment plants and potential impacts of microplastic pollution. The findings of this review reaffirm that microplastic pollution is a widespread issue in the region, with the Philippines and Vietnam having the most contaminated rivers. The prevalent microplastic shapes found in fresh water in SEA are fibers and fragments, with PP and PE being the most common polymer types. Moreover, blue and transparent microplastics are observed in nearly all the studies. Microplastic sizes exhibit variations due to different collection methods. Notably, there is a significant lack of studies concerning the impacts of microplastic pollution on humans and aquatic organisms. This study underscores the need for more comprehensive and proactive approaches to microplastic management. These include implementation of designated policies for microplastic management, adoption of standardized sampling methods and initiation of more extensive research endeavors aimed at addressing this form of pollution in freshwater environments.