Active packaging applications in fresh meat and fish products

This thesis provides an in-depth literature review on the development, application, and prospects of active packaging in the food sector, with an emphasis on fresh fish and meat products.Active packaging is defined as a packaging system that deliberately contains components capable of absorbing or releasing substances into the food or its surrounding environment, with the aim of extending shelf life and preserving or improving product quality.The purpose of this study was to explore the main technologies that combine traditional preservation methods-such as modified atmosphere packaging (MAP), vacuum packaging (VP), and high-pressure processing (HPP)-with active packaging materials.Particular emphasis was placed on the development of biopolymers and environmentally friendly materials, such as nanocellulose, polylactic acid (PLA), and biosynthetic membranes, which combine functionality with sustainability.Furthermore, the study examined chemical and mechanical recycling technologies, biodegradation, and composting, as well as their limitations in terms of energy requirements and regulatory constraints.The research also highlighted the emerging role of intelligent packaging systems, such as freshness sensors, gas indicators, and digital traceability technologies using blockchain and RFID/NFC, which transform packaging into a dynamic tool for ensuring quality and enhancing consumer trust.At the commercial level, applications from the meat, seafood, and ready-meal industries were presented, showing the growing penetration of active packaging in the market.However, consumer acceptance remains a key factor, as it is influenced by public awareness, perceptions of safety, and additional cost.The study underscores that younger generations of consumers (Millennials and Gen Z) are more receptive to technologies associated with sustainability compared to older age groups.The critical review of the literature revealed gaps related to the long-term stability of active compounds used in the development of functional materials, the toxicological assessment of components, the recyclability of multilayer composite materials, and the need for integrated systems that connect active packaging with smart sensors and IoT technologies.Future research should focus on pilot-scale industrial applications, interdisciplinary collaborations, and consumer behavior studies aimed at improving transparency and acceptance of active food packaging technologies.