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Toxicological and Endocrine Impacts of Materials in Removable Orthodontic Retainers: A Systematic Review
Summary
This systematic review examined potential cytotoxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects of materials used in removable orthodontic retainers, analyzing 48 studies (38 in vitro, 10 clinical) published between 2015 and 2025 covering PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, PEEK, fiber-reinforced composites, and 3D-printed photopolymer resins.
This review aimed to examine the potential cytotoxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects of materials used in removable orthodontic retainers. A systematic survey of the literature from 2015 to 2025 analyzed studies evaluating in vitro cytotoxicity, estrogenic activity, in vivo tissue reactions, and clinical biomarker responses. Materials assessed included PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, fiber-reinforced composites, PEEK, and 3D-printed photopolymer resins. Forty-eight studies (38 in vitro, 10