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Comprehensive Review of Cytotoxic and Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Materials Used in Removable Orthodontic Retainers
Summary
Researchers reviewed 48 studies published between 2015 and 2025 to assess cytotoxic and hormone-disrupting effects of materials commonly used in removable orthodontic retainers, including PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, 3D-printed resins, PEEK, and fiber-reinforced composites, evaluating both laboratory and clinical evidence.
To investigate the potential cytotoxic and hormone-disrupting effects of materials commonly employed in removable orthodontic retainers. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were reviewed, including in vitro assessments of cell toxicity, estrogenic activity, in vivo tissue responses, and clinical biomarker evaluations of PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, 3D-printed resins, PEEK, and fiber-reinforced composites. A total of 38 laboratory studies and 10 clinical studies satisfied the inclusion c