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Comprehensive Review of Cytotoxic and Endocrine-Disrupting Effects of Materials Used in Removable Orthodontic Retainers
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Researchers reviewed 48 studies published between 2015 and 2025 to assess cytotoxic and hormone-disrupting effects of materials commonly used in removable orthodontic retainers, including PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, 3D-printed resins, PEEK, and fiber-reinforced composites, evaluating both laboratory and clinical evidence.
To investigate the potential cytotoxic and hormone-disrupting effects of materials commonly employed in removable orthodontic retainers. Studies published between 2015 and 2025 were reviewed, including in vitro assessments of cell toxicity, estrogenic activity, in vivo tissue responses, and clinical biomarker evaluations of PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, 3D-printed resins, PEEK, and fiber-reinforced composites. A total of 38 laboratory studies and 10 clinical studies satisfied the inclusion c
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Toxicological and Endocrine Impacts of Materials in Removable Orthodontic Retainers: A Systematic Review
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This systematic review examined potential cytotoxicity and endocrine-disrupting effects of materials used in removable orthodontic retainers, analyzing 48 studies (38 in vitro, 10 clinical) published between 2015 and 2025 covering PMMA plates, thermoplastic foils, PEEK, fiber-reinforced composites, and 3D-printed photopolymer resins.
Cytotoxicity and Endocrine Disruption in Materials Used for Removable Orthodontic Retainers: A Comprehensive Review
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This review evaluated the safety of materials used in removable orthodontic retainers, including traditional plastics, 3D-printed resins, and newer composites. While most materials were found to be generally safe in the short term, some released bisphenol-type chemicals (known hormone disruptors), and long-term endocrine effects have not been adequately studied. The review also notes that single-use thermoplastic retainers contribute to microplastic pollution, raising environmental sustainability concerns.
The Biological Effects of 3D Resins Used in Orthodontics: A Systematic Review
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This systematic review found that 3D-printed orthodontic resins release bisphenol A and other residual monomers with demonstrated cytotoxic, genotoxic, and estrogenic effects, though few studies have evaluated systemic toxicity in patients. The release of these substances is influenced by printing parameters, post-processing, and material composition. Bisphenol A is also a key chemical of concern in microplastic research, as it leaches from degrading plastic particles and acts as an endocrine disruptor.
Biocompatibility and Safety of Orthodontic Clear Aligners and Thermoplastic Retainers: A Systematic In Vitro Review (2015–2025)
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This systematic review examined whether orthodontic clear aligners and retainers release harmful chemicals or microplastics in the mouth. While most products met safety standards, some materials did release detectable levels of bisphenol A and other chemicals, especially during initial wear and after aging, raising questions about long-term oral exposure.
Cytotoxicity of Aligners – A Comprehensive Review
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This review examines the material composition and biocompatibility of orthodontic clear aligners made from polyurethane, PET-G, and polypropylene, finding that while the materials generally have low cytotoxicity, oral conditions cause microplastic and additive release that warrants long-term safety monitoring.
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When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.