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Comparative Photocatalytic Performance of Gd, Zn, and Ti Metal Oxide Catalysts for Polyethylene Microplastics Removal

International Journal of Environmental Sciences 2025 1 citation ? Citation count from OpenAlex, updated daily. May differ slightly from the publisher's own count.
Mehdi Ismail, Norzahir Sapawe, Muhammad Farhan Hanafi, Hairul Amani Abdul Hamid, S.M. Sidik

Summary

Photocatalysis — using light to drive chemical reactions that break down pollutants — shows real promise for degrading microplastics in water. Testing three different metal oxide catalysts, this study found that a modified zinc oxide catalyst could degrade 78% of polyethylene microplastics within two hours under visible light, outperforming both commercial catalysts and the other materials tested. The results point toward surface-engineered ZnO as a potentially practical tool for treating microplastic-contaminated water, though scaling these lab conditions to real-world water treatment remains a significant challenge.

Polymers

This study presents a comparative analysis of the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of modified and commercial Gd₂O₃, ZnO, and TiO₂ metal oxide catalysts for the removal of polyethylene (PE) microplastics under controlled laboratory conditions. Among the tested catalysts, modified ZnO exhibited the highest degradation efficiency of 78% under optimum conditions: 10 ppm PE concentration, 3-4 g/L catalyst dosage, pH 7, visible light irradiation for 2 hours at 303 K. This was followed by modified Gd₂O₃ (68%) and modified TiO₂ (58%) under the same conditions. All modified catalysts outperformed their commercial counterparts, while the photolysis control experiment showed less than 5% degradation. The enhanced photocatalytic activity is attributed to improved charge separation, greater generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increased surface adsorption capacity introduced by defect engineering and structural modifications. Negligible degradation in the absence of light confirms the dominance of photocatalytic mechanisms over photolysis or dark reactions. These findings underscore the potential of surface-modified ZnO as a highly effective catalyst for the remediation of microplastic pollution.

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