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Microbead-Mediated Enhancement of Bacterial Toxicity: Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Korean Rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, Following Exposure to Streptococcus iniae
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Korean rockfish were co-exposed to polystyrene microbeads and the bacterium Streptococcus iniae for five days, and oxidative stress and apoptosis were measured in liver tissue. Combined high-dose exposure significantly elevated oxidative stress markers and caspase-3 expression compared to either stressor alone, suggesting microplastics may enhance bacterial infection severity.
Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli, a coastal species, is vulnerable to pollutants such as microplastics and bacteria. While interactions between microplastics and other pollutants have been studied, little is known about microplastic and bacteria interactions. This study examined the effects of combined exposure to polystyrene microplastics in the form of microbeads (MB; 0.2 µm, 5 and 50 beads/L) and Streptococcus iniae (1 × 105 and 1 × 107 CFU/mL) for five days on oxidative stress and apoptosis in Korean rockfish. We assessed the mRNA expression and activity of oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, H2O2, NO, CYP1A1, GST), plasma LPO levels, and caspase-3 expression in liver tissue. Co-exposure to high MB and S. iniae concentrations significantly elevated oxidative stress and apoptosis markers, suggesting enhanced toxicity. This may result from MB facilitating pathogen transport into the fish, indicating microplastics can act as vectors for bacterial infection in aquatic environments.
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Effect of microplastic binding capacity on antioxidant and immune responses of Korean rockfish Sebastes schlegeli in a co-exposure environment with microplastics and Streptococcus iniae
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Researchers investigated what happens when Korean rockfish are exposed to both microplastics and the fish pathogen Streptococcus iniae at the same time. They found that microplastics can bind to the bacteria and amplify harmful effects on the fish's antioxidant defenses and immune responses beyond what either stressor causes alone. The findings suggest that microplastic pollution in coastal aquaculture environments may worsen the impact of bacterial infections on fish health.
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Researchers found that co-exposure of rainbow trout to polystyrene microplastics and the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri exacerbated blood biochemical disruptions and hepatic oxidative stress compared to either stressor alone. The results suggest microplastics may act as a predisposing factor that amplifies bacterial infection severity in fish.
Effects of microbeads and cadmium on oxidative stress and apoptosis in rockfish Sebastes schlegeli: comparison of single and combined environmental conditions
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Single and combined exposure of rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) to polystyrene microbeads and cadmium resulted in elevated accumulation in gills and intestines, increased liver oxidative stress, and significant apoptosis in combined-exposure fish compared to single-pollutant groups. The synergistic toxic effect demonstrates that microplastics acting as vectors for heavy metals amplify harm beyond either pollutant alone, with downstream implications for seafood safety and human dietary exposure.
Acute co-exposure to microbeads and cadmium enhances accumulation and alters plasma biochemical markers and stress indicators in Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegeli
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