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Leading Techniques for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) Remediating in Water and Wastewater
Summary
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), often called "forever chemicals," are highly persistent contaminants found in water and soil worldwide. This review evaluates the leading remediation techniques available for removing PFAS from contaminated environments, comparing their effectiveness, scalability, and cost. Given PFAS's resistance to natural degradation, engineered removal strategies are essential for protecting drinking water sources and ecosystems.
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a class of synthetic organic compounds since the 1940s, have become widespread and persistent environmental pollutants. Due to their high chemical stability, bioaccumulation potential, and extensive industrial and household applications, PFASs have drawn significant attention from researchers worldwide in recent years, while PFASs have become a hot topic, and the publications are updated very quickly. Various remediation technologies, including adsorption, pyrolysis, biodegradation, and advanced oxidation, have been developed and treated as the leading techniques to mitigate PFAS contamination. Other alternative techniques are foam fractionation, constructed wetland, and piezoelectric ball milling. However, the effectiveness of these methods varies depending on their reaction mechanisms, operational conditions, and environmental factors. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the latest advancements in PFASs removal strategies, highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential synergies. Furthermore, future research directions and technological developments are discussed to explore more efficient, sustainable, and cost-effective solutions for PFASs remediation.