Recent Advancement and Understanding on the “Forever Chemicals”, PFAS in Drinking Water

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are persistent environmental pollutants that present significant risks to human health and ecosystems. The detection and removal of PFAS from water is a pressing environmental and public health concern, given their persistence and potential toxicity. Effectively addressing the challenges of PFAS detection and removal requires a comprehensive strategy that includes the development of standardized analytical methods, advances in detection technologies, improved treatment techniques, and a deeper understanding of PFAS behavior in water. A variety of analytical and treatment methods have been developed, each with its own set of limitations and levels of efficiency. This review offers a detailed overview of the key treatment technologies, along with analytical methods currently used for PFAS detection in water, while also exploring the challenges these methods face, such as matrix interference, complex sample preparation, and inconsistent recovery rates. The importance of developing standardized analytical protocols, advancing detection technologies, and creating innovative treatment solutions is underscored to improve the accuracy, reliability, and effectiveness of PFAS management in water was also addressed. Finally, the review identifies future research priorities needed to overcome these challenges and safeguard environmental and public health.