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Potenciais riscos à saúde associados à exposição de seres humanos a microplásticos e nanoplásticos
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Researchers conducted a systematic review of human health risks from micro- and nanoplastic exposure, analyzing 10 studies from major databases and finding that these particles—detected in blood, urine, and other fluids—can cause cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in lymphocytes and may disrupt fetal development by affecting gene expression in placental tissue.
O descarte inadequado de plásticos resulta na fragmentação desses materiais em microplásticos (MP) e nanoplásticos (NP), contaminantes amplamente detectados no ambiente e com potencial impacto na saúde humana. Esta revisão integrativa pretende investigar os riscos à saúde humana decorrentes da exposição a MP e NP. Investigou-se estudos primários indexados, em português, inglês ou espanhol, sem recorte temporal seguindo o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. A questão central foi: “Quais os possíveis riscos para a saúde humana associados à exposição a MP e NP?”. Foram consultadas as bases Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Obteve-se inicialmente 901 artigos na busca e após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 10 deles foram selecionados. Quanto aos resultados, as principais fontes de exposição incluem alimentos contaminados, embalagens plásticas e ambientes ocupacionais. Microplásticos e nanoplásticos foram detectados em sangue, urina e outros fluidos, indicando biodisponibilidade e potencial acúmulo no organismo. Nanoplásticos de poliestireno demonstraram efeitos citotóxicos e genotóxicos em linfócitos, enquanto nanopartículas de óxido de cobre e poliestireno impactaram a expressão gênica em tecido placentário, sugerindo riscos ao desenvolvimento fetal. Destacam-se desafios metodológicos na identificação e quantificação dessas partículas, devido à ausência de padronização analítica. A exposição a MP e NP pode representar riscos significativos à saúde humana, evidenciados por danos celulares e alterações gênicas. Estudos adicionais e aprimoramento das técnicas analíticas são essenciais para mitigar esses impactos e fundamentar políticas regulatórias eficazes.
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