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Environmental Occurrence, Influencing Factors, and Toxic Effects of 6PPD-Q
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Researchers reviewed the environmental distribution and toxicological effects of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a tire antioxidant transformation product released with tire and road wear particles, finding it is ubiquitous across atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial compartments, bioaccumulates, and poses significant health risks through multiple exposure pathways, while proposing a source-reduction management framework.
The antioxidant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) is widely incorporated into tires to extend their service life. However, in the presence of ozone, it is readily transformed into N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-benzoquinone (6PPD-Q). Owing to the large-scale production and widespread utilization of rubber-related products, 6PPD-Q is continuously released into the environment with tire and road wear particles, becoming ubiquitous across multiple environmental compartments. It possesses bioaccumulation potential and exhibits significant toxicity, while multiple exposure pathways enable it to enter human body, posing risks to public health. This review summarizes the environmental distribution of 6PPD-Q in atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial systems, and examines key factors influencing its occurrence, including precipitation patterns, traffic characteristics, sunlight, and particle size. The toxicological effects of 6PPD-Q are also discussed. Based on these findings, a comprehensive management framework encompassing "source reduction-process regulation-end-of-pipe treatment" is proposed. Finally, current knowledge gaps are identified and future research directions are highlighted.
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A Review of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine (6PPD) and Its Derivative 6PPD-Quinone in the Environment
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This review examines 6PPD, a rubber tire antioxidant, and its toxic transformation product 6PPD-quinone, which has been detected in air, water, and dust and shown to cause developmental, reproductive, neurological, and genetic harm to organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations.
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This review examines how tire-derived pollutants — particularly the antiozonant 6PPD and its oxidized form 6PPD-quinone — accumulate in urban soils and expose humans through multiple pathways, disrupting soil microbial communities and potentially increasing respiratory disease risk, underscoring the urgent need for international health research and coordinated policy responses.
Review of 6PPD-quinone environmental occurrence, fate, and toxicity in stormwater
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This review comprehensively assessed 6PPD-quinone, a toxic transformation product of a common tire rubber antioxidant, examining its environmental occurrence in stormwater, environmental fate, and toxicity to aquatic organisms and potential human health impacts.
Not Just a Fish Killer: Multi-Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms of 6PPD-Quinone
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6PPD-Quinone, a rubber tire antioxidant byproduct found in stormwater runoff, causes multi-organ toxicity across species via oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disruption—and has now been detected in human urine. As a tire-derived contaminant closely linked to microplastic pollution from road wear particles, 6PPD-Q represents an emerging chemical hazard requiring urgent regulatory attention.
Comprehensive review on environmental pollution caused by 6PPD-quinone and remediation strategies
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A comprehensive review of 6PPD-quinone — a tire wear chemical that causes mortality in coho salmon — surveys its environmental fate, bioaccumulation through the food chain, and potential remediation strategies including alternative antioxidant compounds and nano-modified materials. Tire wear particles are a major source of microplastic pollution, and understanding toxic co-chemicals like 6PPD-quinone is essential for assessing the full health burden of tire-derived microplastic contamination.
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