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Comprehensive review on environmental pollution caused by 6PPD-quinone and remediation strategies
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A comprehensive review of 6PPD-quinone — a tire wear chemical that causes mortality in coho salmon — surveys its environmental fate, bioaccumulation through the food chain, and potential remediation strategies including alternative antioxidant compounds and nano-modified materials. Tire wear particles are a major source of microplastic pollution, and understanding toxic co-chemicals like 6PPD-quinone is essential for assessing the full health burden of tire-derived microplastic contamination.
Recently the research concern, the environmental toxicity associated with 6PPD (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) and its by-products due to tyre wear. In the tyre manufacturing process, 6PPD is added to increase the durability of the tyre. 6PPD-Q (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine-quinone) due to tyre wear and is emitted along with road particles into the air, resulting in a severe impact on the environment. It has been found that 6PPD increases the mortality rate of silver salmon, an aquatic fauna having rich omega-3 fatty acid content and many essential nutrients. Further, this 6PPD-quinone affects higher organisms by entering the aquatic food chain. Hence, this bioaccumulation severely affects the top predators, including humans. The scientific and regulatory bodies are working hard to find a safer alternative to 6PPD to eradicate the environmental pollution due to 6PPD-Q, a degradation product of 6PPD. The current review article addresses the various approaches to reducing 6PPD release in the environment, removing the existing 6PPD from the surrounding environment, and finding a safer alternative to 6PPD to increase the tyre lifetime. Remediation strategies involve potential substitutes for 6PPD and 6PPD-Q, including alternative PPDs such as IPPD, DPPD, 7PPD, and CCPD, as well as non-PPD options like specialized graphene, octyl gallate, lignin, and nano-calcium carbonate modified with gallic acid. These candidates offer protection against ozone, oxidation, and wear while maintaining tire performance and safety. In addition, the review provides details on potential alternatives and the mechanisms through which they protect the environment. The existing knowledge gaps and directing researchers in establishing research in the various fields to protect against this kind of pollution.
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Not Just a Fish Killer: Multi-Organ Toxicity and Mechanisms of 6PPD-Quinone
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6PPD-Quinone, a rubber tire antioxidant byproduct found in stormwater runoff, causes multi-organ toxicity across species via oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic disruption—and has now been detected in human urine. As a tire-derived contaminant closely linked to microplastic pollution from road wear particles, 6PPD-Q represents an emerging chemical hazard requiring urgent regulatory attention.
Environmental Occurrence, Influencing Factors, and Toxic Effects of 6PPD-Q
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Researchers reviewed the environmental distribution and toxicological effects of 6PPD-quinone (6PPD-Q), a tire antioxidant transformation product released with tire and road wear particles, finding it is ubiquitous across atmospheric, aquatic, and terrestrial compartments, bioaccumulates, and poses significant health risks through multiple exposure pathways, while proposing a source-reduction management framework.
Environmental and Human Health Risks of 6PPD and 6PPDQ: Assessment and Implications.
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This review synthesized current knowledge on 6PPD and its tire-derived quinone derivative 6PPDQ, focusing on their environmental distribution, transformation, human exposure pathways, and ecological toxicity. The authors found that 6PPDQ in particular poses significant risks to aquatic organisms, including coho salmon.
A Review of N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-Phenylenediamine (6PPD) and Its Derivative 6PPD-Quinone in the Environment
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This review examines 6PPD, a rubber tire antioxidant, and its toxic transformation product 6PPD-quinone, which has been detected in air, water, and dust and shown to cause developmental, reproductive, neurological, and genetic harm to organisms at environmentally relevant concentrations.
6PPD and 6PPD-Quinone in the Urban Environment: Assessing Exposure Pathways and Human Health Risks
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This review examines how tire-derived pollutants — particularly the antiozonant 6PPD and its oxidized form 6PPD-quinone — accumulate in urban soils and expose humans through multiple pathways, disrupting soil microbial communities and potentially increasing respiratory disease risk, underscoring the urgent need for international health research and coordinated policy responses.
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