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Potensi Biodegradasi Platik PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Menggunakan Mikroorganisme Tanah TPA dengan Metode Kolom Winogradsky
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A Winogradsky column experiment using landfill soil microorganisms achieved up to 0.196% mass reduction of PET plastic in 60 days, with FTIR confirming structural degradation indicated by shifting C–O bond ratios. This study contributes to understanding biological PET degradation pathways, which is important for evaluating whether natural microbial communities can reduce microplastic accumulation in landfill environments.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the most prevalent pollutants in the environment. Various degradation methods have been developed; however, most still result in carbon emissions. This study aims to investigate the potential of landfill soil microorganisms to degrade PET through the Winogradsky column system. The research was conducted experimentally using a quantitative approach with a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) consisting of one factor, namely variations in the composition of MSM medium (mL) and landfill soil (grams) at four treatment levels: C0 (control), C1 (600:400), C2 (500:500), and C3 (400:600), each with four replications. The degradation level was analyzed based on plastic mass reduction and chemical structural changes using FTIR, while the data were statistically tested using ANOVA and Tukey HSD. The results showed that treatment C2 produced the highest mass reduction of 0.196% after 60 days, whereas FTIR analysis revealed the most significant degradation in C1, indicated by a C–O/C–H ratio of 2.85, an increase in the peak area of C–O–C at 1240 cm⁻¹ (521.417) and 1095 cm⁻¹ (457.887), as well as the appearance of a new peak at approximately 1457 cm⁻¹ (57.739). ANOVA indicated no significant differences among treatments (p > 0.05). Morphological observations showed that bacterial isolates were dominated by Gram-positive bacilli and chain cocci, consistent with polymer-degrading soil bacteria. The absence of mass reduction in the control (C0) further confirmed the role of microbes in the degradation process. Variations in MSM and soil composition affected microbial diversity and growth rates, thereby influencing PET degradation levels. Thus, this study demonstrates that landfill soil microorganisms possess the potential to degrade PET, with effectiveness influenced by the composition of the Winogradsky column. ABSTRAK Polyethylene terephthalate merupakan salah satu jenis sampah yang paling banyak mencemari lingkungan. Berbagai metode degradasi telah dikembangkan, namun sebagian besar masih menghasilkan emisi karbon. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengkaji potensi mikroorganisme tanah tempat pembuangan akhir (TPA) dalam mendegradasi PET melalui sistem kolom Winogradsky. Penelitian dilakukan secara eksperimental dengan pendekatan kuantitatif menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) satu faktor, yaitu variasi komposisi media MSM (mL) dan tanah TPA (gram) dengan empat taraf perlakuan: C0 (kontrol), C1 (600:400), C2 (500:500), dan C3 (400:600), masing-masing empat ulangan. Tingkat degradasi dianalisis berdasarkan penurunan massa plastik dan perubahan struktur kimia menggunakan FTIR, sedangkan data dianalisis dengan ANOVA dan uji Tukey HSD. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan C2 memberikan penurunan massa terbesar sebesar 0,196% setelah 60 hari, sementara analisis FTIR memperlihatkan degradasi paling signifikan pada C1 yang ditunjukkan oleh rasio C–O/C–H sebesar 2,85, peningkatan area puncak C–O–C pada 1240 cm⁻¹ (521,417) dan 1095 cm⁻¹ (457,887), serta munculnya puncak baru pada sekitar 1457 cm⁻¹ (57,739). Uji ANOVA menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan signifikan antarperlakuan (p > 0,05). Secara morfologis, isolat bakteri didominasi oleh basil dan kokus berantai Gram positif yang konsisten dengan bakteri tanah pendegradasi polimer. Fakta bahwa kontrol (C0) tidak mengalami penurunan massa menegaskan peran mikroba dalam proses degradasi. Variasi komposisi MSM dan tanah berpengaruh terhadap keragaman dan laju pertumbuhan bakteri sehingga memengaruhi tingkat degradasi PET. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa mikroorganisme tanah TPA berpotensi mendegradasi PET dengan efektivitas yang dipengaruhi oleh komposisi kolom Winogradsky.
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