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Integrated bulk RNA-seq and scRNA-seq identification of a novel “PET-SPI1-MYL9” transcriptional axis in lung adenocarcinoma driven by polyethylene terephthalate exposure

Applied Geochemistry 2026
Qian Su, Juanjuan Guo, Yilin Gu, Wang Xu, Haihong Cao, Yongbin Lu, Fei Su, Xiaoming Hou, Tao Zhang

Summary

Integrated bioinformatics analysis identified a novel PET-SPI1-MYL9 molecular axis in which airborne polyethylene terephthalate microplastic particles may suppress the transcription factor SPI1, reducing expression of the tumor-protective gene MYL9 and potentially driving lung adenocarcinoma progression. This finding links microplastic inhalation exposure to a specific carcinogenic mechanism, strengthening the case for investigating airborne microplastics as lung cancer risk factors.

Polymers
Body Systems

Background: Airborne microplastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) accumulates in human lungs and is linked to respiratory pathologies; however, its molecular role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains unclear. This study aims to explore the potential carcinogenic mechanisms of PET exposure in LUAD. Methods: We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing, machine learning algorithms [including Classification and Regression Trees (CART), Naïve Bayes (NB), random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM)], molecular docking, survival analysis, and multi-omics data. Through differential expression screening across datasets combined with Venn analysis, we identified seven PET-associated oncogenic targets. Seven PET-associated oncogenic targets were identified via differential gene screening and Venn analysis. Results: MYL9 was validated as a downregulated, LUAD-protective biomarker associated with significant survival benefit [hazard ratio (HR) =0.59, 0.16, 0.23; all P<0.05]. These findings were consistent across the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) database, co-expression networks, and three independent LUAD datasets. SPI1 was identified as a key transcriptional regulator, showing strong co-expression with MYL9 (R=0.556, P<0.05) and concurrent downregulation in LUAD. Molecular docking revealed that PET bound to the DNA-binding pocket of SPI1 (ΔG =−5.30 kcal·mol−1), suggesting its transcriptional inhibition of MYL9. Conclusions: Our integrated bioinformatics approach supports a novel “PET-SPI1-MYL9” transcriptional axis, revealing a potential non-genotoxic carcinogenic pathway for PET. While the computational evidence is robust, further wet-lab experiments are needed to validate the binding and transcriptional inhibition mechanism. This model provides a framework for understanding airborne microplastic toxicity in LUAD. We propose that PET promotes LUAD by disrupting the SPI1-MYL9 transcriptional axis, highlighting a potential environmental trigger and candidate targets for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.

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