Microplastic exposure reduces multi-trophic biomass yield in a freshwater integrated aquaculture system

Abstract Freshwater integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) systems are increasingly used to enhance nutrient utilization efficiency; however, their performance under microplastic (MP) exposure remains poorly characterized. This study evaluated the effects of water-borne and feed-borne polyethylene (PE) MP (10–20 µm) on biomass production and filtration performance in a three-compartment freshwater IMTA system comprising rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ), freshwater mussels (Unionidae), and duckweed ( Lemna minor ). Fluorescent spherical MPs were applied in four treatments ( n = 3 tanks per treatment): control (no MPs), feed-borne MPs (5 particles per 100 g feed), water-borne MPs (35 particles L⁻ 1 at fish-tank inflow), and combined exposure. The exposure phase lasted 45 days with 15-day sampling intervals, followed by a 45-day depuration phase. Fish growth responses differed modestly among treatments during exposure, with transient reductions observed in MP-exposed groups relative to the control at intermediate sampling points. Mussel filtration capacity showed limited variation among treatments, with no consistent treatment-specific suppression across time. Duckweed biomass accumulation was lower under combined exposure compared with the control, whereas variability was higher in MP treatments during early growth stages. An integrated multi-trophic performance index calculated from terminal measurements indicated moderate reductions in overall system productivity under combined exposure relative to the control. During depuration, growth trajectories across treatments converged. These results indicate that elevated microplastic exposure can influence biomass distribution and productivity within freshwater IMTA systems, particularly under combined exposure scenarios.