Evaluating the impact of innovative algae- based membrane bioreactors against the emerging microplastic crisisin combating water pollution

Water pollution caused by emerging contaminants, which are linked to rapid industrialisation, intensified agricultural practices, urban expansion and lifestyle changes, has become a critical global concern. These contaminants, particularly microplastics (MPs), present unique challenges due to their small size, persistence in the environment and ability to bioaccumulate. MPs are difficult to eliminate using conventional water treatment technologies, and they can easily be consumed by aquatic organisms. This can lead to ecological disruption and pose risks to human health through food chain transmission. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for sustainable, effective and environmentally friendly remediation strategies. In recent years, algae-based biotechnologies have emerged as a promising alternative for addressing water pollution, particularly in the removal of MPs. This study examines the potential of algae-driven approaches, such as phytoremediation, algae-based biosensors, and algal biofilms, to reduce waterborne contaminants and improve water quality. Through a review of the existing literature and experimental research, the study will assess the efficiency, applicability and limitations of these approaches. These biotechnologies offer eco-friendly, low-cost and renewable solutions that align with sustainable development goals. Ultimately, the study also highlights the viability of algae-based methods for reducing water pollution, contributing to environmental resilience and informing future policies aimed at protecting ecosystems and public health.