Combined effects of ciprofloxacin and microplastics on alpine spring water microbiota: evidence from glacier-fed microcosm experiments

These findings demonstrate the disruptive effects of CIP on alpine freshwater microbial communities and highlight the additional, though more moderate, influence of MPs. The combined presence of MPs and antibiotics may exacerbate resistance spreading by enhancing persistence and providing favorable conditions for resistant biofilms. A mechanistic understanding of these interactions is essential for accurate risk assessment and the development of effective mitigation strategies in alpine and other vulnerable freshwater ecosystems.