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Polystyrene microplastics alter the toxicity of 6PPD to zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae
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Researchers investigated the combined toxicity of polystyrene microplastics and the tire-derived chemical 6PPD on zebrafish larvae. Co-exposure produced synergistic toxic effects, significantly increasing oxidative stress markers and altering metabolic profiles beyond what either pollutant caused individually. The study found that microplastics increased the concentration of the toxic transformation product 6PPD-quinone in zebrafish, suggesting they can enhance the chemical hazard of tire-related pollutants in aquatic environments.
Tire wear particles (TWPs) are a significant source of microplastics (MPs) and N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD) in aquatic environments. However, the combined toxicity of MPs and 6PPD to aquatic organisms remains unclear. Here, we investigated the bioaccumulation of 6PPD, developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, and metabolic alterations in zebrafish larvae following single and combined exposure to polystyrene MPs (PSMPs) and 6PPD. Our results indicated that co-exposure to PSMPs and 6PPD induced synergistic toxicity in zebrafish larvae, significantly elevating levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA), along with enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities. PSMPs did not influence the bioaccumulation of 6PPD, but increased the concentration of 6PPD quinone (6PPD-Q) in zebrafish larvae. PSMPs and 6PPD altered the metabolomic profiles of zebrafish larvae, affecting organic acids and their derivatives, amino acids and carbohydrates. The primary distinctions between single and combined exposures were observed in organic acids (citric acid and 9-Octadecenoic acid), sugars (D-Allose, D-Arabinose, and d-Mannose), and cholesterol. These findings imply PSMPs alter the toxicity of 6PPD to zebrafish larvae, providing valuable data for assessing the potential risks of single and combined pollution of MPs and 6PPD to aquatic creatures.
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Researchers studied the combined effects of polystyrene nanoplastics and the tire-derived chemical 6PPD on zebrafish eye development. They found that co-exposure significantly amplified ocular toxicity compared to either contaminant alone, with nanoplastics acting as vectors that increased tissue accumulation of 6PPD and worsened oxidative stress. The study reveals that nanoplastics and tire chemicals can interact synergistically to damage visual development in aquatic vertebrates.
Mixture toxicity of 6PPD-quinone and polystyrene nanoplastics in zebrafish
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Researchers studied the combined toxicity of 6PPD-quinone, a toxic chemical from tire rubber, and polystyrene nanoplastics on zebrafish. While nanoplastics alone did not affect fish movement, the tire chemical caused hyperactivity, and the combination made this behavioral effect even worse. The study found that these co-occurring pollutants disrupted genes involved in brain signaling and fat metabolism, suggesting that real-world mixtures of plastic pollutants may be more harmful than individual ones.
Polystyrene nanoplastics enhance the toxicological effects of DDE in zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae
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Researchers found that polystyrene nanoplastics enhanced the toxicity of the pesticide metabolite DDE in zebrafish larvae, with co-exposure causing greater developmental abnormalities and oxidative stress than either pollutant alone.
Polystyrene microplastics modulate the toxic effects of bisphenol A in the early stages of zebrafish development
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This study investigated whether polystyrene microplastics affect the toxicity of bisphenol A (BPA) during zebrafish embryo development by co-exposing fish to both contaminants. The PS microplastics modulated BPA toxicity in complex ways—in some developmental endpoints amplifying harm, in others providing partial protection—underscoring the unpredictability of combined plastic-chemical exposures.
Toxicological effects of microplastics and phenanthrene to zebrafish (Danio rerio)
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Researchers exposed zebrafish to polystyrene microplastics, the pollutant phenanthrene, and a combination of both to assess their toxicity over 24 days. They found that co-exposure amplified oxidative stress, suppressed immune gene expression, and significantly disrupted the gut microbiome compared to either contaminant alone. The study suggests that microplastics can worsen the toxic effects of organic pollutants in aquatic organisms by altering how chemicals accumulate and interact in the body.
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