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MICROPLÁSTICOS Y NANOPLÁSTICOS: UNA REVISIÓN SISTEMÁTICA DE SU IMPACTO EN EL CRECIMIENTO DE TOMATE (Solanum lycopersicum)
Summary
This systematic review analysed published studies on the effects of synthetic microplastics and nanoplastics on tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) growth, examining how polymer type, particle size, concentration, and growth medium modulate phytotoxicity. The review found that MP and NP exposure consistently impaired biomass accumulation, plant height, flower and fruit production, and root and shoot length, with higher concentrations and smaller particle sizes generally producing the most pronounced negative effects.
Los microplásticos (MP) y los nanoplásticos (NP) contaminan los ecosistemas terrestres. En el caso del suelo, su presencia altera las propiedades físicas y químicas, impactando consecuentemente en el crecimiento de los cultivos. Esta revisión de literatura analiza los impactos de diferentes MPs y NPs sintéticos en el crecimiento del tomate (Solanum lycopersicum). Los datos recopilados indican que la exposición a estos contaminantes afecta negativamente a varios parámetros del crecimiento y desarrollo del tomate, incluyendo la acumulación de biomasa, la altura de la planta, la producción de flores y frutos, y la longitud de raíces, brotes y hojas. La magnitud de este impacto varía en función del tipo de polímero, el tamaño de sus partículas, su concentración y el medio de cultivo empleado. Por ejemplo, las concentraciones crecientes de microplásticos se correlacionaron con variables como el crecimiento y el desarrollo del tomate. En cuanto a los tipos de polímeros, el ácido poliláctico (PLA) provoca la muerte de las plántulas, mientras que el cloruro de polivinilo (PVC) y el tereftalato de polietileno (PET) afectan a variables de rendimiento como el peso del fruto y el número de flores y frutos. Por otra parte, las escasas investigaciones realizadas sobre los NPs sugieren que son más tóxicos que los MPs, sin embargo, es necesario realizar más estudios para tener un panorama más claro de su impacto. Además, llevar a cabo estudios a largo plazo que abarquen todo el ciclo de crecimiento del tomate y de evaluar los efectos de diversas mezclas de microplásticos y nanoplásticos en este cultivo, es esencial para adquirir un conocimiento más amplio de los riesgos potenciales que plantean estos contaminantes.
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