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Article ? AI-assigned paper type based on the abstract. Classification may not be perfect — flag errors using the feedback button. Tier 2 ? Original research — experimental, observational, or case-control study. Direct primary evidence. Environmental Sources Gut & Microbiome Human Health Effects Nanoplastics Policy & Risk Reproductive & Development Sign in to save

The Silent Conquest: The Journey of Micro- and Nanoplastics Through Children’s Organs

Toxics 2025 Score: 48 ? 0–100 AI score estimating relevance to the microplastics field. Papers below 30 are filtered from public browse.
E. Esposito, Francesco Fabrizio Comisi, Vassilios Fanos, Antonio Ragusa

Summary

This review synthesizes evidence on micro- and nanoplastic exposure and accumulation in children's organs from early life through adolescence, finding that infants and young children face disproportionate exposure through breast milk, formula, toys, and indoor dust. It identifies critical knowledge gaps in pediatric MNP research and calls for age-specific risk assessment frameworks.

Micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) are emerging environmental contaminants with increasing evidence of bioaccumulation in human tissues and potential toxicological effects. While extensive studies in the literature have investigated MNP exposure and health risks in adult populations, data specific to pediatric age remain scarce and fragmented. This narrative review represents the first integrated synthesis of current evidence on MNP exposure during early life, including the critical period of the first 1000 days, examining routes of absorption (oral, inhalational, dermal, and iatrogenic), biological distribution, and organ-specific effects in infants and children. Special attention is given to the presence of MNPs in pediatric lungs, thyroid, and intestinal microbiota, as well as to emerging non-invasive biomarkers for exposure assessment. The developing physiology of children, characterized by immature detoxification systems, critical windows of vulnerability, and prolonged life-course exposure, amplifies concern for long-term health consequences, including endocrine disruption, immune dysregulation, and neurodevelopmental impairment. This work fills a critical knowledge gap by consolidating pediatric data into a single comprehensive resource, and it is intended to serve both as a reference point for clinicians and researchers and a catalyst for future studies aimed at safeguarding child health in an increasingly plastic-contaminated world.

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