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Effect of carbon-based nanomaterials and micro- and nanoplastics as carriers of persistent organic pollutants in marine organisms
Original title: Karbonoan oinarritutako nanomaterialen eta mikro eta nanoplastikoen eragina kutsatzaile organiko iraunkorren garraiatzaile gisa organismo itsastarretan
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This Basque-language thesis investigated how carbon-based nanomaterials and micro/nanoplastics function as vectors for persistent organic pollutants in marine organisms. The research examines combined contamination by nanomaterials and organic pollutants and their synergistic effects on marine biota.
Industriaren eta teknologiaren garapenak ezaugarri fisiko-kimiko bereziak dituzten material berriak sortzea eragin du, eta, horien artean, nanomaterialak gero eta ugariagoak dira. Nanomaterialak gutxienez nanoeskaladun (<100 nm) dimentsio bat duten materialak dira. Gaur egun, Europako legedian ez dago nanomaterialentzako araudi berezirik, nahiz eta, haien homologo makroskopikoekin alderatuta, ezaugarri fisiko-kimiko ezberdinak agertu. Mikroplastikoak 5 mm baino txikiagoak diren plastikozko materialak dira eta nanoplastikoak, 100 nm baino txikiagoak direnak. Plastiko makroskopikoen eraginak zabal ikertu diren arren, mikroplastiko eta nanoplastikoen inguruko hausnarketa duela gutxi hasi da egiten. Nanomaterialak, mikro eta nanoplastikoak, iturri desberdinetatik iristen dira itsasora eta, beraz, itsas organismoetan eragin ditzaketen kalteen inguruko kezka zabaldu da. Gainera, nanomaterialek, mikroplastikoek eta nanoplastikoek duten azalera/bolumen erlazio handia eta hidrofobizitatea dela eta, arrisku gehigarri bat dute: kutsatzaile organiko iraunkorren garraiatzaile gisa joka dezakete itsasoan. Hau da, nanomaterialek, mikroplastikoek eta nanoplastikoek, itsasoan dauden kutsatzaile organiko iraunkorrak adsorbatu ditzakete eta haien eskuragarritasuna emendatu organismo itsastarrentzat. Lan honen xedea da karbonoan oinarritutako nanomaterialek eta mikro eta nanoplastikoek hainbat espezie itsastarretan eragindako kalte fisiologikoak zein zelula eta molekula mailako kalteak berrikustea. kalte horiek, kutsatzaile organiko iraunkordun karbonoan oinarritutako nanomaterialek, mikro eta nanoplastikoek, eragindako kalteekin alderatu ere egin nahi dira. Adibidez, mikroplastikodun mikroalgekin elikatutako muskuiluek mikroplastikoak agertu dituzte urdailaren argian, digestio epitelioan eta ehun konektiboan, eta bentzo(a)pirenoa moduko kutsatzaile organiko iraunkorra adsorbatuta duten mikroplastikodun mikroalgekin elikatutako muskuiluek bentzo(a)pirenoa metatzen dute ehunetan. Mikroplastikoek bakarrik zein kutsatzaile organikodun mikroplastikoek immunotoxizitatea, kalte fisiologikoak eta DNA mailako kalteak eragiten dizkiete muskuiluei. Hortaz, ingurune konplexu batean, hala nola itsasoan, kutsatzaileak ez direnez modu isolatuan agertzen, ezagutza hori kontuan hartu beharko litzateke, itsas ekosistemen osasuna eta segurtasuna bermatzeko.
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