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Eco-Corona vs Protein Corona: Effects of Humic Substances on Corona Formation and Nanoplastic Particle Toxicity in Daphnia magna
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Researchers studied how humic substances, common natural organic matter in aquatic environments, affect the toxicity and corona formation of nanoplastic particles in Daphnia magna. The study found that humic substances reduced acute nanoplastic toxicity at environmentally relevant concentrations by forming eco-coronas on particle surfaces, though gene expression changes related to detoxification and stress responses were still observed.
Despite many studies on the toxicity of nanoplastic particles (NPPs) to aquatic invertebrates, the effects of ecological constituents such as humic substances (HSs) are often neglected. In our study, Daphnia magna was used to evaluate the effects of three HSs, natural organic matter (NOM), fulvic acid (FA), and humic acid (HA), on NPP toxicity and corona formation. Acute toxicities of NPPs were reduced by all HSs at environmentally relevant concentrations. NPPs elicited the upregulation of all genes related to detoxification, oxidative stress, and endocrine activity after 7 days of exposure. The presence of NOM or HA resulted in the mitigation of gene expression, whereas significantly higher upregulation of all of the genes was observed with FA. The presence of FA led to increased protein adsorption on NPPs in D. magna culture medium (eco-corona, EC) and homogenates (protein corona, PC), while there was less adsorption in the presence of HA. The highly abundant proteins identified in EC are involved in immune defense, cell maintenance, and antipredator response, while those in PC are responsible for lipid transport, antioxidant effects, and estrogen mediation. Our findings revealed the key influence of HSs on the toxicity of NPPs and provide an analytical and conceptual foundation for future study.
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