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Synergistic effect of microplastic fragments and benzophenone‐3 additives on lethal and sublethal Daphnia magna toxicity
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Researchers assessed the combined effects of polyethylene microplastic fragments and the UV-filter additive benzophenone-3 on the water flea Daphnia magna. They found that microplastic fragments were significantly more acutely toxic than the dissolved additive alone, and the combination produced synergistic lethal and sublethal effects. The study highlights that microplastic particles carrying chemical additives may pose greater risks to aquatic invertebrates than either stressor in isolation.
The interactive effect of polyethylene microplastic (MP) fragments and benzophenone-3 (BP-3) additives on Daphnia magna was assessed in the present study. The 48 h median effective concentration (EC) revealed that MP fragments (37.24 ± 11.76 μm; 3.90 mg L) were over 80 times more acutely toxic than polyethylene microbeads (37.05 ± 3.96 μm; 323 mg L), possibly because of their irregular shape and high specific surface area. Moreover, the addition of BP-3 (10.27 ± 0.40 % w/w) to MP fragments (MP + BP-3) resulted in greater acute toxicity to D. magna (EC = 0.99 mg L) compared to MP fragments (EC = 3.90 mg L) or BP-3 (EC = 2.29 mg L) alone. Additionally, MP + BP-3 exposure induced a synergistic increase in reactive oxygen species, total antioxidant capacity, and lipid peroxidation in D. magna. These synergistic effects can be attributed to enhanced bioconcentrations of BP-3 in D. magna caused by MP fragments. These findings suggest that MP fragments containing chemical additives represent a synergistic ecological risk and have the potential to harm aquatic organisms.
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This 34-day study examined how polyethylene microplastic fragments, both with and without the common plastic additive benzophenone-3, affect Daphnia magna water flea populations. Researchers found that while the microplastics alone did not significantly change population size during the growth phase, the presence of the UV-filter additive benzophenone-3 altered population dynamics, suggesting that plastic additives may pose greater ecological risks than the plastic particles themselves.
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Researchers examined the combined toxic effects of polystyrene microplastics and the UV filter chemical benzophenone-4 on water fleas over 21 days. They found that exposure to both contaminants together caused greater harm to feeding, growth, and reproduction than either pollutant alone. The study demonstrates that microplastics and personal care product chemicals can interact to amplify their negative effects on freshwater organisms.
Role of benzophenone-3 additive in chronic toxicity of polyethylene microplastic fragments to Daphnia magna
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Researchers studied how the UV-filter additive benzophenone-3 in polyethylene microplastics affects chronic toxicity in the water flea Daphnia magna. Surprisingly, daphnids exposed to microplastics containing BP-3 had higher survival rates than those exposed to plain microplastics, likely because BP-3 leachate altered the organisms' light-seeking behavior, reducing their microplastic intake. However, both BP-3-containing microplastics and BP-3 alone negatively affected reproduction, suggesting the additive introduces distinct toxicity concerns.
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This study found that chemical additives leaching from polyethylene microplastics — specifically the UV stabilizer benzophenone-3 — caused significantly more harm to water flea (Daphnia magna) populations than the microplastic particles themselves. Leachate from the plastic delayed development and stunted growth, resulting in a population nearly 15 times smaller after 18 days compared to controls. The plastic particles alone did not cause significant population decline. This highlights that the hidden chemicals inside plastics may pose a greater ecological risk than the physical particles, a concern for aquatic food webs that ultimately link to human seafood consumption.
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