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Nanoplastics in aquatic systems - are they more hazardous than microplastics?
Summary
This review evaluates whether nanoplastics — plastic particles smaller than 1000 nm — are more hazardous than microplastics, examining current evidence on their environmental concentrations, behavior, and toxicity. It concludes that nanoplastics pose distinct concerns due to greater bioavailability and cellular uptake potential, while noting that adequate standard detection methods do not yet exist.
The fragmentation of plastic materials into nanoparticles of less than 1000 nm (secondary nanoplastics) and their possible accumulation in the environment is a recent matter of concern. There are still no suitable standard methods for determining the concentrations and chemical makeup of these particles in aquatic systems and the fate and effect of nanoplastics in the aquatic environment has been little explored, although there has been research using engineered nanoparticles as models. In this review, we give a summary of the (mainly laboratory-based) studies on the influences of nanoplastics. We aim to provide an updated overview of this emerging topic, reviewing the literature mainly from 2018 onwards and considering the effects of nanoplastics on ecosystems, their uptake and transport of polluting molecules, and the challenges that are faced by workers in this area. The review includes 119 references.