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The exposure routes, organ damage and related mechanism of the microplastics on the mammal
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This review systematically examined how microplastics enter the human body through digestion, breathing, and skin contact, and how they damage organs including the gut, liver, and kidneys. The digestive tract is the primary route of exposure, with microplastics found to disrupt gut bacteria, impair liver metabolism, and potentially harm kidney function.
Microplastics widely exist in the atmosphere, soil and water environment, causing extensive attention to their adverse effects on human health. We here systematically recapitulated the exposure routes of microplastics for human body and the consequent toxic effects on human organs. The exposure routes include digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin, particularly digestive tract. It has been revealed that intestinal tract, liver and kidney are the main enrichment sites of microplastics, leading to intestinal flora imbalance, intestinal function disorder and liver lipid metabolism disorder. However, the toxic effects on other tissues and systems, such as lung, kidney, nervous system and reproductive system, warrant more studies.The underlying toxic mechanisms of microplastics mainly include oxidative stress and inflammatory response. The current review would help advance the systematical understand on the health hazards of microplastics, and provide support for the risk assessment of microplastics in the future.
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This review summarizes over 900 published studies on how microplastics enter the human body, mainly through eating, breathing, and skin contact. It found evidence that microplastics can travel through the body to organs including the gut, liver, kidneys, lungs, brain, and placenta, though effective ways to manage plastic pollution remain undeveloped.
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This comprehensive review summarizes how microplastics — found in air, water, and food — enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact, and have been detected in organs including the lungs, liver, kidneys, placenta, and brain. Microplastic exposure has been associated with respiratory disorders, gut inflammation, reproductive toxicity, immune dysfunction, and potential neurological effects.
Microplastics entry routes into Humans, possible health effects, laws, and policies: A review
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This review summarizes 67 studies on how microplastics enter the human body through food, drinks, air, and dental products, and their potential health effects. Evidence suggests microplastics may harm the digestive system, liver, kidneys, nervous system, and hormonal balance. Several countries have enacted laws banning certain plastic products, but more research is needed to fully understand the long-term health consequences of microplastic accumulation in the body.
A comprehensive review on the source, ingestion route, attachment and toxicity of microplastics/nanoplastics in human systems
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This review summarizes how microplastics and nanoplastics enter the human body through eating, breathing, and skin contact, then spread to organs throughout all nine major body systems. The particles cause harm mainly through oxidative stress, inflammation, and disrupted metabolism, with the digestive and respiratory systems being most affected since they are the primary entry points.
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When a large batch of papers lands in the Atlas, we read through it and send a short write-up of what stood out.