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Single and combined effects of phenanthrene and polystyrene microplastics on oxidative stress of the clam (Mactra veneriformis)
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Researchers tested the single and combined toxic effects of the pollutant phenanthrene and polystyrene microplastics on the clam Mactra veneriformis. The study found that both pollutants individually caused oxidative stress, but when combined, larger microplastics amplified the toxicity of phenanthrene, with phenanthrene remaining the dominant toxic factor in joint exposures.
Toxicity of single organic pollutants or microplastics on organisms have been reported widely, however, their combined toxicity on bivalves was rarely investigated. In this paper, single and combined effects of phenanthrene (Phe, 20 μg·L and 50 μg·L) and polystyrene (PS, 17 μm and 150 μm with 1 mg·L) microplastics on oxidative stress of the clam Mactra veneriformis were assayed under laboratory conditions with biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA). We found that Phe or PS single stress source could induce oxidative stress to clams. Besides, exposed to Phe 50 μg·L or PS 150 μm caused the reduced expression of SOD and GST activities, leading to potential oxidative injury in clams. At each Phe concentration level, the order of single and combined toxicity on clams was Phe + PS 150 μm > Phe ≈ Phe + PS 17 μm. Phe exhibited a stronger toxic effect on clams than PS. Under joint exposure stress, the toxicity influence of Phe is still dominant. Furthermore, MDA and GST could be considered the most sensitive oxidative stress biomarkers in clams under Phe or PS single and combined exposures, respectively.
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The combined effects of phenanthrene and micro-/nanoplastics mixtures on the cellular stress responses of the thick-shell mussel Mytilus coruscus
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Scientists exposed thick-shell mussels to a combination of micro- and nanoplastics along with a common pollutant (phenanthrene) to study their combined effects. The mixtures caused more severe immune cell damage, increased oxidative stress, and stronger inflammatory responses than either pollutant alone. Evidence indicates that micro- and nanoplastics can worsen the toxic effects of organic pollutants in marine shellfish.
Are mixtures of micro/nanoplastics more toxic than individual micro or nanoplastic contamination in the clam Ruditapes decussatus?
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Researchers exposed clams to polystyrene nanoplastics and polyethylene microplastics, both separately and in combination, to test whether mixtures are more harmful. They found that nanoplastics accumulated more readily in clam tissues and that the mixture caused greater oxidative stress and cellular damage than either type of plastic alone. The study suggests that real-world exposure to multiple plastic particle sizes may be more harmful than exposure to a single type.
The combined effects of polyethylene microplastics and benzoanthracene on Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum
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Researchers studied the combined effects of polyethylene microplastics and a toxic organic pollutant (benzo[a]anthracene) on Manila clams. The study found that when the pollutant was present alongside microplastics, the clams showed more severe stress responses than from either contaminant alone. Evidence indicates that microplastics can act as carriers for harmful chemicals, potentially amplifying their toxic effects on marine shellfish.
Polystyrene nanoplastics modify phenanthrene-associated metabolic responses in the marine clam Mactra veneriformis
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Scientists studying clams found that when tiny plastic particles (nanoplastics) mix with a common pollution chemical called phenanthrene in seawater, the clams' internal chemistry responds differently than to the chemical alone, suggesting plastics may change how pollutants behave in marine life. However, the study couldn't pin down exactly why this happens or confirm it reflects real-world ocean conditions, so more research is needed before drawing conclusions about risks to seafood safety or human health.
Combined ecotoxicity of polystyrene microplastics and Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate increase exposure risks to Mytilus coruscus based on the bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, metabolic profiles, and nutritional interferences
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Researchers exposed hard-shelled mussels to a common plastic additive (DEHP) and polystyrene microplastics together, and found that the microplastics increased how much DEHP accumulated in the animals' digestive organs. The combined exposure disrupted the mussels' antioxidant defenses and altered their metabolic processes more than either pollutant alone. The study suggests that microplastics can amplify the harmful effects of chemical pollutants in marine organisms.
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