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The effect of microplastics on hematological and biochemical parameters in aquatic animals
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This review examined how microplastics affect blood and biochemical markers in aquatic animals, finding that plastic particles entering through gills or ingestion can disrupt immune function, enzyme activity, and organ health. These findings highlight the threat microplastics pose to fish and other water-dwelling species that humans rely on for food.
Approximately 10% of plastic products enter the environment annually in the form of plastic waste. Plastic trash is usually broken down into smaller pieces by physical, chemical, and ultraviolet processes and enters aquatic ecosystems through surface runoff. Therefore, in recent years, the accumulation of plastic waste in aquatic ecosystems has become a global environmental problem. Microplastics and Nano-plastics may enter the aquatic body through feed intake or waterborne pathways. Microplastics (MPs) may enter the body through the gastrointestinal tract or gills and then the circulatory system and be distributed to all parts of the body. Therefore, exposure to MPs may lead to disruption of biochemical homeostasis and bioaccumulation. Since, hematological and biochemical parameters of aquatic animals are a suitable indicator for evaluating aquatic health in environmental toxicology studies. Therefor, this study aimed to review the mechanism of transmission of MPs to aquatic organisms, bioaccumulation potential, and changes in hematological and biochemical parameters.
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Toxic effects on bioaccumulation, hematological parameters, oxidative stress, immune responses and neurotoxicity in fish exposed to microplastics: A review
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This review summarizes how microplastics affect fish health, covering toxic effects on blood, immune system, nervous system, and the buildup of plastics in fish tissues. Microplastics that accumulate in fish can trigger oxidative damage, weaken immune responses, and impair brain-related enzyme activity. Since fish are a major protein source for humans, understanding how microplastics harm fish health is directly relevant to the safety of our food supply.
Microplastics bioaccumulation in fish: Its potential toxic effects on hematology, immune response, neurotoxicity, oxidative stress, growth, and reproductive dysfunction
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This review finds that microplastics accumulate primarily in the guts and gills of fish before spreading to other tissues through the bloodstream, causing a cascade of harmful effects including blood changes, immune suppression, nerve damage, and reproductive problems. The severity of harm depends on the size and dose of particles and how long the fish are exposed, with implications for the safety of fish consumed by humans.
Impacts of microplastic accumulation in aquatic environment: Physiological, eco-toxicological, immunological, and neurotoxic effects
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This review summarizes how microplastics build up in fish and other aquatic life, causing damage to their immune systems, nervous systems, and overall health. When fish eat microplastics, the particles move up the food chain and can eventually reach humans through seafood consumption. The authors also discuss strategies for removing microplastics from water and reducing plastic pollution.
Microplastics Induced Dysfunctions in Physiology and Behavior of Fish: A Comprehensive Review.
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Researchers comprehensively review how microplastics disrupt fish physiology, documenting effects on growth, blood chemistry, reproduction, oxidative stress, immune function, and behavior — tracing mechanisms from gastrointestinal damage and endocrine disruption to neurotoxicity and transgenerational harm — to inform ecological risk assessment in aquatic and fisheries contexts.
Microplastics induce toxic effects in fish: Bioaccumulation, hematological parameters and antioxidant responses
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Researchers exposed juvenile fish to polyamide microplastics and found the particles accumulated primarily in the intestine, gills, and liver, causing reduced blood oxygen-carrying capacity, liver stress, and disrupted antioxidant defenses. These findings matter because fish are an important food source for humans, and microplastic accumulation in fish tissues could transfer these contaminants to people through their diet.
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