Microplastics intake and excretion: Resilience of the intestinal microbiota but residual growth inhibition in common carp

Aquatic animals can be influenced by exposure to microplastics (MPs), but little is known about their recovery capacity following MPs excretion. Here, common carp were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations of MPs for 30 days and followed by MPs excretion for another 30 days. Growth, isotopic and elemental compositions and intestinal microbiota were investigated. We found that fish growth was not influenced by exposed to MPs but was significantly reduced following MPs excretion, indicating a delayed effect on growth. MPs intake and excretion, however, had no obvious effects on isotopic and elemental compositions. MPs altered the community structure and composition of intestinal microbiota and might reduce functional diversity. After MPs excretion, interestingly, bacterial community structures of MPs treatments were grouped together with the control, suggesting the general resilience of fish intestinal microbiota. Nevertheless, high abundance of pathogenic Shewanella, Plesiomonas and Flavobacterium was observed in MPs treatments but did not affect the functional potential of intestinal microbiota. The results of this study provide new information for the application of adverse outcome pathway (AOP) in MPs, suggesting the necessity of paying attention to recovery assay following MPs intake in the development of AOP frameworks.