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Toxicity effects of Ciprofloxacin on biochemical parameters, histological characteristics, and behaviors of Corbicula fluminea in different substrates
Summary
Researchers found that the antibiotic ciprofloxacin in river sediments caused liver damage, immune suppression, and behavioral changes in freshwater clams. This shows that sediment-associated pharmaceutical pollutants—which often co-occur with microplastics in riverbed sediments—can harm important filter-feeding organisms.
Abstract Antibiotic toxicity and antibiotic resistance have become significant challenges to human health. However, the potential ecotoxicity of sediment-associated antibiotics remains unknown. In this study, the biochemical responses, histological changes, and behavioral responses of Corbicula fluminea ( C. fluminea ) exposed to sediment-associated ciprofloxacin (CIP) were systemically investigated. Special attention was paid to the influence of different substrate types. Biochemical analyses revealed that the balance of the antioxidant system was disrupted, eventually leading to oxidative damage to the gills and digestive gland with increasing CIP concentration. Severe histopathological changes appeared along with the oxidative damage. An enlargement of the tubule lumen and thinning of the epithelium in the digestive gland were observed under exposure to high CIP concentrations (0.5 and 2.5 µg/g CIP). In a behavioral assay, the siphoning of C. fluminea in the high concentration exposure groups was clearly inhibited. Moreover, from the integrated biomarker response (IBR) index, the toxicity response gradients of the digestive gland (no substrate–NOS > Sand > Sand and kaolinite clay– SKC > Sand, kaolinite clay, and organic matter–SCO) and gills (NOS > SCO > SKC > Sand) were different among substrate exposure groups. The most serious histopathological damage and highest siphoning inhibition were observed in the NOS group. The changes in the morphological structure of digestive gland cells in C. fluminea were similar in the other three substrate groups. The inhibition of the filtration rate in the higher concentration groups decreased in the order Sand > SKC > SCO.
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