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Effects of urban atmospheric particulate matter on higher plants using Lycopersicon esculentum as model species
Summary
Tomato plants exposed to aqueous extracts of urban atmospheric particulate matter showed dose-dependent reductions in biomass and chlorophyll content, with higher doses causing clear phytotoxic effects and protein content paradoxically increasing at intermediate doses, suggesting that PM-associated nutrient content initially offsets chemical stress at lower concentrations.
Abstract Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is one of the major environmental concerns in Europe. A wide range of studies has proved the ecotoxic potential of atmospheric particles. PM exerts chemical stress on vegetation by its potentially toxic constituents; however, relatively few studies are available on assessing phytotoxic effects under laboratory conditions. In our study, aqueous extract of particulate matter was prepared and used for treatment. Experiment was following the procedure defined by the No. 227 OECD Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals: Terrestrial Plant Test. Tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were used; elucidated toxicity was assessed based on morphological and biochemical endpoints such as biomass, chlorophyll- a and chlorophyll -b , carotenoids, and protein content. Biomass reduction and protein content showed a clear dose–effect relationship; the biomass decreased in comparison with the control (100%) in all test groups (TG) at a steady rate (TG1: 87.73%; TG2: 71.77%; TG3: 67.01%; TG4: 63.63%). The tendency in protein concentrations compared to the control was TG1: 113.61%; TG2: 148.21% TG3: 160.52%; TG4: 157.31%. However, pigments showed a ‘Janus-faced’ effect: nutrient content of the sample caused slight increase at lower doses; actual toxicity became apparent only at higher doses (chlorophyll- a concentration decrease was 84.47% in TG4, chlorophyll- b was 77.17%, and finally, carotene showed 83.60% decrease in TG4).
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