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Size and concentration effects of microplastics on digestion and immunity of hybrid snakehead in developmental stages
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Researchers examined how microplastic size and concentration affect digestion and immunity in hybrid snakehead fish at different developmental stages, finding that larvae were more sensitive to small, high-concentration microplastics while juveniles mounted immune and antioxidant defense responses.
Microplastics pollution has gained much attention for its harmful impact on aquatic organisms. This study aimed to evaluate the size-effects and concentration-effects of microplastics on the physiology of hybrid snakehead (Channa maculate × Channa argus). Parameters including antioxidant enzyme activities, intestinal morphology, immune-related genes, and oxidative-stress-related genes were tested in two life stages development. The results showed hybrid snakehead larvae (0.057 ± 0.009 g in weight) were more intolerant to high concentrations of small-sized microplastics. Hybrid snakehead juvenile (3.87 ± 1.19 g in weight) had been stimulated the immune response and triggered antioxidant defenses under the exposure stress. There were differential expressions of inflammatory and oxidative-stress-related genes coping with differential sizes and concentrations of microplastics. High concentrations of microplastics (2 mg/L, 20 mg/L) stimulated more severe immune response and shortened intestinal villi. In addition, the damaged intestinal morphology and function did not recover after 48 h of depuration. This work is expected to provide a meaningful perspective for better understanding the size and concentration dependent effects and life-stage specific effects of microplastics in hybrid snakehead.
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Freshwater snakehead fish exposed to polystyrene microplastics for four weeks developed inflammation, cell death, and tissue damage in their liver, intestines, kidneys, and gills. The damage worsened with higher microplastic concentrations and involved disruption of the fish's antioxidant defenses and immune system. Since snakehead is a commonly consumed fish in Asia, these findings raise questions about whether microplastics in aquaculture environments could affect the safety of fish as human food.
Dietary Microplastic Administration during Zebrafish (Danio rerio) Development: A Comprehensive and Comparative Study between Larval and Juvenile Stages
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Researchers compared how zebrafish at different developmental stages respond to microplastics mixed into their feed, testing various particle sizes and concentrations. They found that larval fish were more sensitive than juveniles, and that smaller microplastics caused greater accumulation in the body. The study provides evidence that early life stages of fish are particularly vulnerable to dietary microplastic exposure, which is relevant for understanding contamination risks in aquaculture.
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Researchers exposed goldfish to two sizes of polystyrene microplastics at environmentally relevant concentrations for 28 days. The study found that microplastics accumulated in gill, liver, and intestine tissues, causing damage that worsened with smaller particle size and higher doses. The results indicate that microplastics trigger oxidative stress and immune responses in fish, with smaller particles posing greater health risks.
Ingestion of microplastics by silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae: Quantification of ingestion and assessment of microbiota dysbiosis
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Researchers quantitatively investigated how silver carp larvae ingest, accumulate, and excrete microplastics of different sizes for the first time. The study found that smaller microplastics were ingested more readily and excreted quickly, while larger particles tended to accumulate in the intestine, and the presence of food increased uptake of large microplastics. The ingested microplastics also altered intestinal microflora diversity, potentially affecting immune and metabolic functions in the fish.
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Juvenile striped catfish exposed to different sizes of polyamide microplastics showed that smaller particles caused more damage than larger ones. The smaller microplastics led to greater reductions in growth, more severe changes in blood chemistry, and worse intestinal tissue damage. This size-dependent toxicity is important because as plastics break down in the environment they produce smaller particles that appear to be more harmful to aquatic organisms in the food chain.
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