The Impact of Microplastics on Human Health: a Comprehensive Review

Microplastics (MPs) plastic fragments smaller than 5 mm are a byproduct of the breakdown of larger plastic debris and have emerged as pervasive environmental pollutants. These particles have infiltrated air, water, and food systems, leading to human exposure through ingestion, inhalation, and dermal contact. Once inside the human body, MPs can translocate to various organs, including those protected by biological barriers such as the blood-brain barrier. Recent studies have confirmed the presence of MPs in human tissues such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, placenta, and even the brain, raising critical concerns about their health implications. MPs have been associated with a range of health issues, including respiratory disorders, gastrointestinal distress, reproductive toxicity, immune dysfunction, and potential neurological effects. The underlying mechanisms of toxicity include oxidative stress, inflammation, hormonal disruption, and changes in gut microbiota. This review consolidates current findings on microplastic exposure pathways, tissue accumulation, and associated health risks. In light of growing evidence, there is an urgent need for continued research, stronger regulations, effective pollution control strategies, and public awareness to mitigate the risks posed by microplastics to human health.