How Can “My Shoes” Affect the Amphibian Health? A Study of the Toxicity of Microplastics from Shoe Sole on Physalaemus Cuvieri Tadpoles (Anura, Leptodactylidae)

Ecotoxicological and Risk Assessment Perspectives of Micro(nano)plastic Pollution in Aquatic Organisms with Emphasis in Amphibians

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This ecotoxicological review synthesized evidence on microplastic and nanoplastic uptake, accumulation, and adverse effects in freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates, with particular focus on amphibians, documenting disruptions to reproduction, development, and immune function at environmentally relevant concentrations. Amphibians serve as sensitive ecological sentinels whose population declines from microplastic exposure signal broader ecosystem dysfunction that can propagate through food webs to affect the fish, birds, and mammals — including humans — that depend on healthy freshwater systems.

Persistent Effects of Naturally Aged Polyethylene Terephthalate Microplastics on Physalaemus cuvieri Tadpoles: The Toxic Legacy Beyond Exposure

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Researchers exposed Physalaemus cuvieri tadpoles to naturally aged PET microplastics and found that toxic effects — including elevated oxidative stress, disrupted dopamine levels, and altered enzyme activity — persisted after exposure ended, demonstrating a cumulative legacy effect where damage from microplastic ingestion continues even after the pollutant is removed.

Toxicity Effects of Microplastics and Tire Particles on Daphnia magna

Toxicity of Microplastics on the Flora and Fauna of the Freshwater Ecosystem: An Overview

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Researchers reviewed the toxicity of microplastics ranging from 1 micrometer to 5 mm on flora and fauna in freshwater ecosystems, summarizing evidence of physical harm, chemical stress, and bioaccumulation across aquatic organisms from algae and invertebrates to fish.

Microplastics in Freshwater Environments: Sources, Behaviour, and Ecotoxicity

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Researchers reviewed sources, transport behavior, and ecotoxicological impacts of microplastics in freshwater ecosystems, finding that rivers and lakes are both pathways and sinks for plastic particles and that biological effects on freshwater organisms remain poorly characterized compared to marine systems.