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Ecotoxicological and Risk Assessment Perspectives of Micro(nano)plastic Pollution in Aquatic Organisms with Emphasis in Amphibians
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This ecotoxicological review synthesized evidence on microplastic and nanoplastic uptake, accumulation, and adverse effects in freshwater vertebrates and invertebrates, with particular focus on amphibians, documenting disruptions to reproduction, development, and immune function at environmentally relevant concentrations. Amphibians serve as sensitive ecological sentinels whose population declines from microplastic exposure signal broader ecosystem dysfunction that can propagate through food webs to affect the fish, birds, and mammals — including humans — that depend on healthy freshwater systems.
Microplastics and nanoplastics have been detected in freshwaters worldwide. Ecotoxicological studies have demonstrated microplastics’ and nanoplastics’ uptake, accumulation and adverse effects on many vertebrates and invertebrates in freshwater systems....
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