Mechanisms of microplastics sorption of antibiotics and impacts on aquatic ecosystems for sustainable development goals

Microplastics, small plastic particles (< 5 mm) derived from plastic debris, serve as vectors for antibiotics in aquatic ecosystems. This review synthesizes their sorption mechanisms, including hydrophobic interactions, electrostatic forces, and π-π bonding, influenced by environmental factors such as pH, salinity, and dissolved organic matter. Ecocorona formation on microplastic surfaces modifies antibiotic binding, affecting their environmental fate and bioavailability. Weathering processes transform microplastics into nanoplastics, potentially increasing pollutant mobility, while photodegradation of antibiotics produces bioactive transformation products. Humic substances further alter sorption dynamics, with implications for ecological risks. Microplastics may impair aquatic plants by disrupting nutrient uptake and photosynthesis, potentially affecting ecosystem stability. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the long-term impacts of antibiotic-laden microplastics on aquatic flora, necessitating further research. To address these challenges, potential strategies include: (1) promoting biodegradable polymers to replace non-degradable ones like polystyrene; (2) enhancing wastewater treatment to reduce microplastic and antibiotic pollution; (3) fostering global cooperation to limit microplastic production; (4) monitoring antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in plastisphere biofilms; and (5) raising public awareness about contamination risks in aquatic food chains. These efforts support Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 3 (health), 6 (clean water), and 14 (marine life) by encouraging scientific innovation, policy reform, and sustainable practices to protect aquatic ecosystems.